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Contract Name:
EcoNovaGovernor

Contract Source Code:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/AccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IAccessControl} from "./IAccessControl.sol";
import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";
import {ERC165} from "../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module that allows children to implement role-based access
 * control mechanisms. This is a lightweight version that doesn't allow enumerating role
 * members except through off-chain means by accessing the contract event logs. Some
 * applications may benefit from on-chain enumerability, for those cases see
 * {AccessControlEnumerable}.
 *
 * Roles are referred to by their `bytes32` identifier. These should be exposed
 * in the external API and be unique. The best way to achieve this is by
 * using `public constant` hash digests:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * bytes32 public constant MY_ROLE = keccak256("MY_ROLE");
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be used to represent a set of permissions. To restrict access to a
 * function call, use {hasRole}:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function foo() public {
 *     require(hasRole(MY_ROLE, msg.sender));
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be granted and revoked dynamically via the {grantRole} and
 * {revokeRole} functions. Each role has an associated admin role, and only
 * accounts that have a role's admin role can call {grantRole} and {revokeRole}.
 *
 * By default, the admin role for all roles is `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, which means
 * that only accounts with this role will be able to grant or revoke other
 * roles. More complex role relationships can be created by using
 * {_setRoleAdmin}.
 *
 * WARNING: The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is also its own admin: it has permission to
 * grant and revoke this role. Extra precautions should be taken to secure
 * accounts that have been granted it. We recommend using {AccessControlDefaultAdminRules}
 * to enforce additional security measures for this role.
 */
abstract contract AccessControl is Context, IAccessControl, ERC165 {
    struct RoleData {
        mapping(address account => bool) hasRole;
        bytes32 adminRole;
    }

    mapping(bytes32 role => RoleData) private _roles;

    bytes32 public constant DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE = 0x00;

    /**
     * @dev Modifier that checks that an account has a specific role. Reverts
     * with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error including the required role.
     */
    modifier onlyRole(bytes32 role) {
        _checkRole(role);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IAccessControl).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _roles[role].hasRole[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error if `_msgSender()`
     * is missing `role`. Overriding this function changes the behavior of the {onlyRole} modifier.
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role) internal view virtual {
        _checkRole(role, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error if `account`
     * is missing `role`.
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal view virtual {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            revert AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(account, role);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) public view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return _roles[role].adminRole;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been revoked `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `callerConfirmation`.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address callerConfirmation) public virtual {
        if (callerConfirmation != _msgSender()) {
            revert AccessControlBadConfirmation();
        }

        _revokeRole(role, callerConfirmation);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `adminRole` as ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * Emits a {RoleAdminChanged} event.
     */
    function _setRoleAdmin(bytes32 role, bytes32 adminRole) internal virtual {
        bytes32 previousAdminRole = getRoleAdmin(role);
        _roles[role].adminRole = adminRole;
        emit RoleAdminChanged(role, previousAdminRole, adminRole);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Attempts to grant `role` to `account` and returns a boolean indicating if `role` was granted.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function _grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].hasRole[account] = true;
            emit RoleGranted(role, account, _msgSender());
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Attempts to revoke `role` to `account` and returns a boolean indicating if `role` was revoked.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function _revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        if (hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].hasRole[account] = false;
            emit RoleRevoked(role, account, _msgSender());
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (access/IAccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev External interface of AccessControl declared to support ERC-165 detection.
 */
interface IAccessControl {
    /**
     * @dev The `account` is missing a role.
     */
    error AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(address account, bytes32 neededRole);

    /**
     * @dev The caller of a function is not the expected one.
     *
     * NOTE: Don't confuse with {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount}.
     */
    error AccessControlBadConfirmation();

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `newAdminRole` is set as ``role``'s admin role, replacing `previousAdminRole`
     *
     * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is the starting admin for all roles, despite
     * {RoleAdminChanged} not being emitted signaling this.
     */
    event RoleAdminChanged(bytes32 indexed role, bytes32 indexed previousAdminRole, bytes32 indexed newAdminRole);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is granted `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call. This account bears the admin role (for the granted role).
     * Expected in cases where the role was granted using the internal {AccessControl-_grantRole}.
     */
    event RoleGranted(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is revoked `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call:
     *   - if using `revokeRole`, it is the admin role bearer
     *   - if using `renounceRole`, it is the role bearer (i.e. `account`)
     */
    event RoleRevoked(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {AccessControl-_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) external view returns (bytes32);

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `callerConfirmation`.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address callerConfirmation) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (governance/extensions/GovernorCountingSimple.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Governor} from "../Governor.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of {Governor} for simple, 3 options, vote counting.
 */
abstract contract GovernorCountingSimple is Governor {
    /**
     * @dev Supported vote types. Matches Governor Bravo ordering.
     */
    enum VoteType {
        Against,
        For,
        Abstain
    }

    struct ProposalVote {
        uint256 againstVotes;
        uint256 forVotes;
        uint256 abstainVotes;
        mapping(address voter => bool) hasVoted;
    }

    mapping(uint256 proposalId => ProposalVote) private _proposalVotes;

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-COUNTING_MODE}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function COUNTING_MODE() public pure virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return "support=bravo&quorum=for,abstain";
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-hasVoted}.
     */
    function hasVoted(uint256 proposalId, address account) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return _proposalVotes[proposalId].hasVoted[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Accessor to the internal vote counts.
     */
    function proposalVotes(
        uint256 proposalId
    ) public view virtual returns (uint256 againstVotes, uint256 forVotes, uint256 abstainVotes) {
        ProposalVote storage proposalVote = _proposalVotes[proposalId];
        return (proposalVote.againstVotes, proposalVote.forVotes, proposalVote.abstainVotes);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {Governor-_quorumReached}.
     */
    function _quorumReached(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual override returns (bool) {
        ProposalVote storage proposalVote = _proposalVotes[proposalId];

        return quorum(proposalSnapshot(proposalId)) <= proposalVote.forVotes + proposalVote.abstainVotes;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {Governor-_voteSucceeded}. In this module, the forVotes must be strictly over the againstVotes.
     */
    function _voteSucceeded(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual override returns (bool) {
        ProposalVote storage proposalVote = _proposalVotes[proposalId];

        return proposalVote.forVotes > proposalVote.againstVotes;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {Governor-_countVote}. In this module, the support follows the `VoteType` enum (from Governor Bravo).
     */
    function _countVote(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address account,
        uint8 support,
        uint256 totalWeight,
        bytes memory // params
    ) internal virtual override returns (uint256) {
        ProposalVote storage proposalVote = _proposalVotes[proposalId];

        if (proposalVote.hasVoted[account]) {
            revert GovernorAlreadyCastVote(account);
        }
        proposalVote.hasVoted[account] = true;

        if (support == uint8(VoteType.Against)) {
            proposalVote.againstVotes += totalWeight;
        } else if (support == uint8(VoteType.For)) {
            proposalVote.forVotes += totalWeight;
        } else if (support == uint8(VoteType.Abstain)) {
            proposalVote.abstainVotes += totalWeight;
        } else {
            revert GovernorInvalidVoteType();
        }

        return totalWeight;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (governance/extensions/GovernorSettings.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Governor} from "../Governor.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of {Governor} for settings updatable through governance.
 */
abstract contract GovernorSettings is Governor {
    // amount of token
    uint256 private _proposalThreshold;
    // timepoint: limited to uint48 in core (same as clock() type)
    uint48 private _votingDelay;
    // duration: limited to uint32 in core
    uint32 private _votingPeriod;

    event VotingDelaySet(uint256 oldVotingDelay, uint256 newVotingDelay);
    event VotingPeriodSet(uint256 oldVotingPeriod, uint256 newVotingPeriod);
    event ProposalThresholdSet(uint256 oldProposalThreshold, uint256 newProposalThreshold);

    /**
     * @dev Initialize the governance parameters.
     */
    constructor(uint48 initialVotingDelay, uint32 initialVotingPeriod, uint256 initialProposalThreshold) {
        _setVotingDelay(initialVotingDelay);
        _setVotingPeriod(initialVotingPeriod);
        _setProposalThreshold(initialProposalThreshold);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-votingDelay}.
     */
    function votingDelay() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _votingDelay;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-votingPeriod}.
     */
    function votingPeriod() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _votingPeriod;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {Governor-proposalThreshold}.
     */
    function proposalThreshold() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _proposalThreshold;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Update the voting delay. This operation can only be performed through a governance proposal.
     *
     * Emits a {VotingDelaySet} event.
     */
    function setVotingDelay(uint48 newVotingDelay) public virtual onlyGovernance {
        _setVotingDelay(newVotingDelay);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Update the voting period. This operation can only be performed through a governance proposal.
     *
     * Emits a {VotingPeriodSet} event.
     */
    function setVotingPeriod(uint32 newVotingPeriod) public virtual onlyGovernance {
        _setVotingPeriod(newVotingPeriod);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Update the proposal threshold. This operation can only be performed through a governance proposal.
     *
     * Emits a {ProposalThresholdSet} event.
     */
    function setProposalThreshold(uint256 newProposalThreshold) public virtual onlyGovernance {
        _setProposalThreshold(newProposalThreshold);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal setter for the voting delay.
     *
     * Emits a {VotingDelaySet} event.
     */
    function _setVotingDelay(uint48 newVotingDelay) internal virtual {
        emit VotingDelaySet(_votingDelay, newVotingDelay);
        _votingDelay = newVotingDelay;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal setter for the voting period.
     *
     * Emits a {VotingPeriodSet} event.
     */
    function _setVotingPeriod(uint32 newVotingPeriod) internal virtual {
        if (newVotingPeriod == 0) {
            revert GovernorInvalidVotingPeriod(0);
        }
        emit VotingPeriodSet(_votingPeriod, newVotingPeriod);
        _votingPeriod = newVotingPeriod;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal setter for the proposal threshold.
     *
     * Emits a {ProposalThresholdSet} event.
     */
    function _setProposalThreshold(uint256 newProposalThreshold) internal virtual {
        emit ProposalThresholdSet(_proposalThreshold, newProposalThreshold);
        _proposalThreshold = newProposalThreshold;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (governance/extensions/GovernorTimelockControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IGovernor, Governor} from "../Governor.sol";
import {TimelockController} from "../TimelockController.sol";
import {IERC165} from "../../interfaces/IERC165.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "../../utils/math/SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of {Governor} that binds the execution process to an instance of {TimelockController}. This adds a
 * delay, enforced by the {TimelockController} to all successful proposal (in addition to the voting duration). The
 * {Governor} needs the proposer (and ideally the executor and canceller) roles for the {Governor} to work properly.
 *
 * Using this model means the proposal will be operated by the {TimelockController} and not by the {Governor}. Thus,
 * the assets and permissions must be attached to the {TimelockController}. Any asset sent to the {Governor} will be
 * inaccessible from a proposal, unless executed via {Governor-relay}.
 *
 * WARNING: Setting up the TimelockController to have additional proposers or cancellers besides the governor is very
 * risky, as it grants them the ability to: 1) execute operations as the timelock, and thus possibly performing
 * operations or accessing funds that are expected to only be accessible through a vote, and 2) block governance
 * proposals that have been approved by the voters, effectively executing a Denial of Service attack.
 */
abstract contract GovernorTimelockControl is Governor {
    TimelockController private _timelock;
    mapping(uint256 proposalId => bytes32) private _timelockIds;

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the timelock controller used for proposal execution is modified.
     */
    event TimelockChange(address oldTimelock, address newTimelock);

    /**
     * @dev Set the timelock.
     */
    constructor(TimelockController timelockAddress) {
        _updateTimelock(timelockAddress);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overridden version of the {Governor-state} function that considers the status reported by the timelock.
     */
    function state(uint256 proposalId) public view virtual override returns (ProposalState) {
        ProposalState currentState = super.state(proposalId);

        if (currentState != ProposalState.Queued) {
            return currentState;
        }

        bytes32 queueid = _timelockIds[proposalId];
        if (_timelock.isOperationPending(queueid)) {
            return ProposalState.Queued;
        } else if (_timelock.isOperationDone(queueid)) {
            // This can happen if the proposal is executed directly on the timelock.
            return ProposalState.Executed;
        } else {
            // This can happen if the proposal is canceled directly on the timelock.
            return ProposalState.Canceled;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Public accessor to check the address of the timelock
     */
    function timelock() public view virtual returns (address) {
        return address(_timelock);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-proposalNeedsQueuing}.
     */
    function proposalNeedsQueuing(uint256) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function to queue a proposal to the timelock.
     */
    function _queueOperations(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) internal virtual override returns (uint48) {
        uint256 delay = _timelock.getMinDelay();

        bytes32 salt = _timelockSalt(descriptionHash);
        _timelockIds[proposalId] = _timelock.hashOperationBatch(targets, values, calldatas, 0, salt);
        _timelock.scheduleBatch(targets, values, calldatas, 0, salt, delay);

        return SafeCast.toUint48(block.timestamp + delay);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overridden version of the {Governor-_executeOperations} function that runs the already queued proposal
     * through the timelock.
     */
    function _executeOperations(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) internal virtual override {
        // execute
        _timelock.executeBatch{value: msg.value}(targets, values, calldatas, 0, _timelockSalt(descriptionHash));
        // cleanup for refund
        delete _timelockIds[proposalId];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overridden version of the {Governor-_cancel} function to cancel the timelocked proposal if it has already
     * been queued.
     */
    // This function can reenter through the external call to the timelock, but we assume the timelock is trusted and
    // well behaved (according to TimelockController) and this will not happen.
    // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-no-eth
    function _cancel(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) internal virtual override returns (uint256) {
        uint256 proposalId = super._cancel(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        bytes32 timelockId = _timelockIds[proposalId];
        if (timelockId != 0) {
            // cancel
            _timelock.cancel(timelockId);
            // cleanup
            delete _timelockIds[proposalId];
        }

        return proposalId;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Address through which the governor executes action. In this case, the timelock.
     */
    function _executor() internal view virtual override returns (address) {
        return address(_timelock);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Public endpoint to update the underlying timelock instance. Restricted to the timelock itself, so updates
     * must be proposed, scheduled, and executed through governance proposals.
     *
     * CAUTION: It is not recommended to change the timelock while there are other queued governance proposals.
     */
    function updateTimelock(TimelockController newTimelock) external virtual onlyGovernance {
        _updateTimelock(newTimelock);
    }

    function _updateTimelock(TimelockController newTimelock) private {
        emit TimelockChange(address(_timelock), address(newTimelock));
        _timelock = newTimelock;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Computes the {TimelockController} operation salt.
     *
     * It is computed with the governor address itself to avoid collisions across governor instances using the
     * same timelock.
     */
    function _timelockSalt(bytes32 descriptionHash) private view returns (bytes32) {
        return bytes20(address(this)) ^ descriptionHash;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (governance/extensions/GovernorVotes.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Governor} from "../Governor.sol";
import {IVotes} from "../utils/IVotes.sol";
import {IERC5805} from "../../interfaces/IERC5805.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "../../utils/math/SafeCast.sol";
import {Time} from "../../utils/types/Time.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of {Governor} for voting weight extraction from an {ERC20Votes} token, or since v4.5 an {ERC721Votes}
 * token.
 */
abstract contract GovernorVotes is Governor {
    IERC5805 private immutable _token;

    constructor(IVotes tokenAddress) {
        _token = IERC5805(address(tokenAddress));
    }

    /**
     * @dev The token that voting power is sourced from.
     */
    function token() public view virtual returns (IERC5805) {
        return _token;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Clock (as specified in ERC-6372) is set to match the token's clock. Fallback to block numbers if the token
     * does not implement ERC-6372.
     */
    function clock() public view virtual override returns (uint48) {
        try token().clock() returns (uint48 timepoint) {
            return timepoint;
        } catch {
            return Time.blockNumber();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Machine-readable description of the clock as specified in ERC-6372.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function CLOCK_MODE() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        try token().CLOCK_MODE() returns (string memory clockmode) {
            return clockmode;
        } catch {
            return "mode=blocknumber&from=default";
        }
    }

    /**
     * Read the voting weight from the token's built in snapshot mechanism (see {Governor-_getVotes}).
     */
    function _getVotes(
        address account,
        uint256 timepoint,
        bytes memory /*params*/
    ) internal view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return token().getPastVotes(account, timepoint);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (governance/extensions/GovernorVotesQuorumFraction.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {GovernorVotes} from "./GovernorVotes.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "../../utils/math/SafeCast.sol";
import {Checkpoints} from "../../utils/structs/Checkpoints.sol";

/**
 * @dev Extension of {Governor} for voting weight extraction from an {ERC20Votes} token and a quorum expressed as a
 * fraction of the total supply.
 */
abstract contract GovernorVotesQuorumFraction is GovernorVotes {
    using Checkpoints for Checkpoints.Trace208;

    Checkpoints.Trace208 private _quorumNumeratorHistory;

    event QuorumNumeratorUpdated(uint256 oldQuorumNumerator, uint256 newQuorumNumerator);

    /**
     * @dev The quorum set is not a valid fraction.
     */
    error GovernorInvalidQuorumFraction(uint256 quorumNumerator, uint256 quorumDenominator);

    /**
     * @dev Initialize quorum as a fraction of the token's total supply.
     *
     * The fraction is specified as `numerator / denominator`. By default the denominator is 100, so quorum is
     * specified as a percent: a numerator of 10 corresponds to quorum being 10% of total supply. The denominator can be
     * customized by overriding {quorumDenominator}.
     */
    constructor(uint256 quorumNumeratorValue) {
        _updateQuorumNumerator(quorumNumeratorValue);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current quorum numerator. See {quorumDenominator}.
     */
    function quorumNumerator() public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _quorumNumeratorHistory.latest();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the quorum numerator at a specific timepoint. See {quorumDenominator}.
     */
    function quorumNumerator(uint256 timepoint) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        uint256 length = _quorumNumeratorHistory._checkpoints.length;

        // Optimistic search, check the latest checkpoint
        Checkpoints.Checkpoint208 storage latest = _quorumNumeratorHistory._checkpoints[length - 1];
        uint48 latestKey = latest._key;
        uint208 latestValue = latest._value;
        if (latestKey <= timepoint) {
            return latestValue;
        }

        // Otherwise, do the binary search
        return _quorumNumeratorHistory.upperLookupRecent(SafeCast.toUint48(timepoint));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the quorum denominator. Defaults to 100, but may be overridden.
     */
    function quorumDenominator() public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 100;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the quorum for a timepoint, in terms of number of votes: `supply * numerator / denominator`.
     */
    function quorum(uint256 timepoint) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return (token().getPastTotalSupply(timepoint) * quorumNumerator(timepoint)) / quorumDenominator();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Changes the quorum numerator.
     *
     * Emits a {QuorumNumeratorUpdated} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - Must be called through a governance proposal.
     * - New numerator must be smaller or equal to the denominator.
     */
    function updateQuorumNumerator(uint256 newQuorumNumerator) external virtual onlyGovernance {
        _updateQuorumNumerator(newQuorumNumerator);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Changes the quorum numerator.
     *
     * Emits a {QuorumNumeratorUpdated} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - New numerator must be smaller or equal to the denominator.
     */
    function _updateQuorumNumerator(uint256 newQuorumNumerator) internal virtual {
        uint256 denominator = quorumDenominator();
        if (newQuorumNumerator > denominator) {
            revert GovernorInvalidQuorumFraction(newQuorumNumerator, denominator);
        }

        uint256 oldQuorumNumerator = quorumNumerator();
        _quorumNumeratorHistory.push(clock(), SafeCast.toUint208(newQuorumNumerator));

        emit QuorumNumeratorUpdated(oldQuorumNumerator, newQuorumNumerator);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.2.0) (governance/Governor.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721Receiver} from "../token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol";
import {IERC1155Receiver} from "../token/ERC1155/IERC1155Receiver.sol";
import {EIP712} from "../utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol";
import {SignatureChecker} from "../utils/cryptography/SignatureChecker.sol";
import {IERC165, ERC165} from "../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "../utils/math/SafeCast.sol";
import {DoubleEndedQueue} from "../utils/structs/DoubleEndedQueue.sol";
import {Address} from "../utils/Address.sol";
import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";
import {Nonces} from "../utils/Nonces.sol";
import {Strings} from "../utils/Strings.sol";
import {IGovernor, IERC6372} from "./IGovernor.sol";

/**
 * @dev Core of the governance system, designed to be extended through various modules.
 *
 * This contract is abstract and requires several functions to be implemented in various modules:
 *
 * - A counting module must implement {quorum}, {_quorumReached}, {_voteSucceeded} and {_countVote}
 * - A voting module must implement {_getVotes}
 * - Additionally, {votingPeriod} must also be implemented
 */
abstract contract Governor is Context, ERC165, EIP712, Nonces, IGovernor, IERC721Receiver, IERC1155Receiver {
    using DoubleEndedQueue for DoubleEndedQueue.Bytes32Deque;

    bytes32 public constant BALLOT_TYPEHASH =
        keccak256("Ballot(uint256 proposalId,uint8 support,address voter,uint256 nonce)");
    bytes32 public constant EXTENDED_BALLOT_TYPEHASH =
        keccak256(
            "ExtendedBallot(uint256 proposalId,uint8 support,address voter,uint256 nonce,string reason,bytes params)"
        );

    struct ProposalCore {
        address proposer;
        uint48 voteStart;
        uint32 voteDuration;
        bool executed;
        bool canceled;
        uint48 etaSeconds;
    }

    bytes32 private constant ALL_PROPOSAL_STATES_BITMAP = bytes32((2 ** (uint8(type(ProposalState).max) + 1)) - 1);
    string private _name;

    mapping(uint256 proposalId => ProposalCore) private _proposals;

    // This queue keeps track of the governor operating on itself. Calls to functions protected by the {onlyGovernance}
    // modifier needs to be whitelisted in this queue. Whitelisting is set in {execute}, consumed by the
    // {onlyGovernance} modifier and eventually reset after {_executeOperations} completes. This ensures that the
    // execution of {onlyGovernance} protected calls can only be achieved through successful proposals.
    DoubleEndedQueue.Bytes32Deque private _governanceCall;

    /**
     * @dev Restricts a function so it can only be executed through governance proposals. For example, governance
     * parameter setters in {GovernorSettings} are protected using this modifier.
     *
     * The governance executing address may be different from the Governor's own address, for example it could be a
     * timelock. This can be customized by modules by overriding {_executor}. The executor is only able to invoke these
     * functions during the execution of the governor's {execute} function, and not under any other circumstances. Thus,
     * for example, additional timelock proposers are not able to change governance parameters without going through the
     * governance protocol (since v4.6).
     */
    modifier onlyGovernance() {
        _checkGovernance();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets the value for {name} and {version}
     */
    constructor(string memory name_) EIP712(name_, version()) {
        _name = name_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Function to receive ETH that will be handled by the governor (disabled if executor is a third party contract)
     */
    receive() external payable virtual {
        if (_executor() != address(this)) {
            revert GovernorDisabledDeposit();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(IERC165, ERC165) returns (bool) {
        return
            interfaceId == type(IGovernor).interfaceId ||
            interfaceId == type(IERC1155Receiver).interfaceId ||
            super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-name}.
     */
    function name() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-version}.
     */
    function version() public view virtual returns (string memory) {
        return "1";
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-hashProposal}.
     *
     * The proposal id is produced by hashing the ABI encoded `targets` array, the `values` array, the `calldatas` array
     * and the descriptionHash (bytes32 which itself is the keccak256 hash of the description string). This proposal id
     * can be produced from the proposal data which is part of the {ProposalCreated} event. It can even be computed in
     * advance, before the proposal is submitted.
     *
     * Note that the chainId and the governor address are not part of the proposal id computation. Consequently, the
     * same proposal (with same operation and same description) will have the same id if submitted on multiple governors
     * across multiple networks. This also means that in order to execute the same operation twice (on the same
     * governor) the proposer will have to change the description in order to avoid proposal id conflicts.
     */
    function hashProposal(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) public pure virtual returns (uint256) {
        return uint256(keccak256(abi.encode(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-state}.
     */
    function state(uint256 proposalId) public view virtual returns (ProposalState) {
        // We read the struct fields into the stack at once so Solidity emits a single SLOAD
        ProposalCore storage proposal = _proposals[proposalId];
        bool proposalExecuted = proposal.executed;
        bool proposalCanceled = proposal.canceled;

        if (proposalExecuted) {
            return ProposalState.Executed;
        }

        if (proposalCanceled) {
            return ProposalState.Canceled;
        }

        uint256 snapshot = proposalSnapshot(proposalId);

        if (snapshot == 0) {
            revert GovernorNonexistentProposal(proposalId);
        }

        uint256 currentTimepoint = clock();

        if (snapshot >= currentTimepoint) {
            return ProposalState.Pending;
        }

        uint256 deadline = proposalDeadline(proposalId);

        if (deadline >= currentTimepoint) {
            return ProposalState.Active;
        } else if (!_quorumReached(proposalId) || !_voteSucceeded(proposalId)) {
            return ProposalState.Defeated;
        } else if (proposalEta(proposalId) == 0) {
            return ProposalState.Succeeded;
        } else {
            return ProposalState.Queued;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-proposalThreshold}.
     */
    function proposalThreshold() public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-proposalSnapshot}.
     */
    function proposalSnapshot(uint256 proposalId) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _proposals[proposalId].voteStart;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-proposalDeadline}.
     */
    function proposalDeadline(uint256 proposalId) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _proposals[proposalId].voteStart + _proposals[proposalId].voteDuration;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-proposalProposer}.
     */
    function proposalProposer(uint256 proposalId) public view virtual returns (address) {
        return _proposals[proposalId].proposer;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-proposalEta}.
     */
    function proposalEta(uint256 proposalId) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _proposals[proposalId].etaSeconds;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-proposalNeedsQueuing}.
     */
    function proposalNeedsQueuing(uint256) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts if the `msg.sender` is not the executor. In case the executor is not this contract
     * itself, the function reverts if `msg.data` is not whitelisted as a result of an {execute}
     * operation. See {onlyGovernance}.
     */
    function _checkGovernance() internal virtual {
        if (_executor() != _msgSender()) {
            revert GovernorOnlyExecutor(_msgSender());
        }
        if (_executor() != address(this)) {
            bytes32 msgDataHash = keccak256(_msgData());
            // loop until popping the expected operation - throw if deque is empty (operation not authorized)
            while (_governanceCall.popFront() != msgDataHash) {}
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Amount of votes already cast passes the threshold limit.
     */
    function _quorumReached(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Is the proposal successful or not.
     */
    function _voteSucceeded(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Get the voting weight of `account` at a specific `timepoint`, for a vote as described by `params`.
     */
    function _getVotes(address account, uint256 timepoint, bytes memory params) internal view virtual returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Register a vote for `proposalId` by `account` with a given `support`, voting `weight` and voting `params`.
     *
     * Note: Support is generic and can represent various things depending on the voting system used.
     */
    function _countVote(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address account,
        uint8 support,
        uint256 totalWeight,
        bytes memory params
    ) internal virtual returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Hook that should be called every time the tally for a proposal is updated.
     *
     * Note: This function must run successfully. Reverts will result in the bricking of governance
     */
    function _tallyUpdated(uint256 proposalId) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Default additional encoded parameters used by castVote methods that don't include them
     *
     * Note: Should be overridden by specific implementations to use an appropriate value, the
     * meaning of the additional params, in the context of that implementation
     */
    function _defaultParams() internal view virtual returns (bytes memory) {
        return "";
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-propose}. This function has opt-in frontrunning protection, described in {_isValidDescriptionForProposer}.
     */
    function propose(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        string memory description
    ) public virtual returns (uint256) {
        address proposer = _msgSender();

        // check description restriction
        if (!_isValidDescriptionForProposer(proposer, description)) {
            revert GovernorRestrictedProposer(proposer);
        }

        // check proposal threshold
        uint256 votesThreshold = proposalThreshold();
        if (votesThreshold > 0) {
            uint256 proposerVotes = getVotes(proposer, clock() - 1);
            if (proposerVotes < votesThreshold) {
                revert GovernorInsufficientProposerVotes(proposer, proposerVotes, votesThreshold);
            }
        }

        return _propose(targets, values, calldatas, description, proposer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal propose mechanism. Can be overridden to add more logic on proposal creation.
     *
     * Emits a {IGovernor-ProposalCreated} event.
     */
    function _propose(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        string memory description,
        address proposer
    ) internal virtual returns (uint256 proposalId) {
        proposalId = hashProposal(targets, values, calldatas, keccak256(bytes(description)));

        if (targets.length != values.length || targets.length != calldatas.length || targets.length == 0) {
            revert GovernorInvalidProposalLength(targets.length, calldatas.length, values.length);
        }
        if (_proposals[proposalId].voteStart != 0) {
            revert GovernorUnexpectedProposalState(proposalId, state(proposalId), bytes32(0));
        }

        uint256 snapshot = clock() + votingDelay();
        uint256 duration = votingPeriod();

        ProposalCore storage proposal = _proposals[proposalId];
        proposal.proposer = proposer;
        proposal.voteStart = SafeCast.toUint48(snapshot);
        proposal.voteDuration = SafeCast.toUint32(duration);

        emit ProposalCreated(
            proposalId,
            proposer,
            targets,
            values,
            new string[](targets.length),
            calldatas,
            snapshot,
            snapshot + duration,
            description
        );

        // Using a named return variable to avoid stack too deep errors
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-queue}.
     */
    function queue(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) public virtual returns (uint256) {
        uint256 proposalId = hashProposal(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        _validateStateBitmap(proposalId, _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState.Succeeded));

        uint48 etaSeconds = _queueOperations(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        if (etaSeconds != 0) {
            _proposals[proposalId].etaSeconds = etaSeconds;
            emit ProposalQueued(proposalId, etaSeconds);
        } else {
            revert GovernorQueueNotImplemented();
        }

        return proposalId;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal queuing mechanism. Can be overridden (without a super call) to modify the way queuing is
     * performed (for example adding a vault/timelock).
     *
     * This is empty by default, and must be overridden to implement queuing.
     *
     * This function returns a timestamp that describes the expected ETA for execution. If the returned value is 0
     * (which is the default value), the core will consider queueing did not succeed, and the public {queue} function
     * will revert.
     *
     * NOTE: Calling this function directly will NOT check the current state of the proposal, or emit the
     * `ProposalQueued` event. Queuing a proposal should be done using {queue}.
     */
    function _queueOperations(
        uint256 /*proposalId*/,
        address[] memory /*targets*/,
        uint256[] memory /*values*/,
        bytes[] memory /*calldatas*/,
        bytes32 /*descriptionHash*/
    ) internal virtual returns (uint48) {
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-execute}.
     */
    function execute(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) public payable virtual returns (uint256) {
        uint256 proposalId = hashProposal(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        _validateStateBitmap(
            proposalId,
            _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState.Succeeded) | _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState.Queued)
        );

        // mark as executed before calls to avoid reentrancy
        _proposals[proposalId].executed = true;

        // before execute: register governance call in queue.
        if (_executor() != address(this)) {
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < targets.length; ++i) {
                if (targets[i] == address(this)) {
                    _governanceCall.pushBack(keccak256(calldatas[i]));
                }
            }
        }

        _executeOperations(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        // after execute: cleanup governance call queue.
        if (_executor() != address(this) && !_governanceCall.empty()) {
            _governanceCall.clear();
        }

        emit ProposalExecuted(proposalId);

        return proposalId;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal execution mechanism. Can be overridden (without a super call) to modify the way execution is
     * performed (for example adding a vault/timelock).
     *
     * NOTE: Calling this function directly will NOT check the current state of the proposal, set the executed flag to
     * true or emit the `ProposalExecuted` event. Executing a proposal should be done using {execute} or {_execute}.
     */
    function _executeOperations(
        uint256 /* proposalId */,
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 /*descriptionHash*/
    ) internal virtual {
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < targets.length; ++i) {
            (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = targets[i].call{value: values[i]}(calldatas[i]);
            Address.verifyCallResult(success, returndata);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-cancel}.
     */
    function cancel(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) public virtual returns (uint256) {
        // The proposalId will be recomputed in the `_cancel` call further down. However we need the value before we
        // do the internal call, because we need to check the proposal state BEFORE the internal `_cancel` call
        // changes it. The `hashProposal` duplication has a cost that is limited, and that we accept.
        uint256 proposalId = hashProposal(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        // public cancel restrictions (on top of existing _cancel restrictions).
        _validateStateBitmap(proposalId, _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState.Pending));
        if (_msgSender() != proposalProposer(proposalId)) {
            revert GovernorOnlyProposer(_msgSender());
        }

        return _cancel(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal cancel mechanism with minimal restrictions. A proposal can be cancelled in any state other than
     * Canceled, Expired, or Executed. Once cancelled a proposal can't be re-submitted.
     *
     * Emits a {IGovernor-ProposalCanceled} event.
     */
    function _cancel(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) internal virtual returns (uint256) {
        uint256 proposalId = hashProposal(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        _validateStateBitmap(
            proposalId,
            ALL_PROPOSAL_STATES_BITMAP ^
                _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState.Canceled) ^
                _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState.Expired) ^
                _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState.Executed)
        );

        _proposals[proposalId].canceled = true;
        emit ProposalCanceled(proposalId);

        return proposalId;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-getVotes}.
     */
    function getVotes(address account, uint256 timepoint) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _getVotes(account, timepoint, _defaultParams());
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-getVotesWithParams}.
     */
    function getVotesWithParams(
        address account,
        uint256 timepoint,
        bytes memory params
    ) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _getVotes(account, timepoint, params);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-castVote}.
     */
    function castVote(uint256 proposalId, uint8 support) public virtual returns (uint256) {
        address voter = _msgSender();
        return _castVote(proposalId, voter, support, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-castVoteWithReason}.
     */
    function castVoteWithReason(
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        string calldata reason
    ) public virtual returns (uint256) {
        address voter = _msgSender();
        return _castVote(proposalId, voter, support, reason);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-castVoteWithReasonAndParams}.
     */
    function castVoteWithReasonAndParams(
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        string calldata reason,
        bytes memory params
    ) public virtual returns (uint256) {
        address voter = _msgSender();
        return _castVote(proposalId, voter, support, reason, params);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-castVoteBySig}.
     */
    function castVoteBySig(
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        address voter,
        bytes memory signature
    ) public virtual returns (uint256) {
        bool valid = SignatureChecker.isValidSignatureNow(
            voter,
            _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(BALLOT_TYPEHASH, proposalId, support, voter, _useNonce(voter)))),
            signature
        );

        if (!valid) {
            revert GovernorInvalidSignature(voter);
        }

        return _castVote(proposalId, voter, support, "");
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IGovernor-castVoteWithReasonAndParamsBySig}.
     */
    function castVoteWithReasonAndParamsBySig(
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        address voter,
        string calldata reason,
        bytes memory params,
        bytes memory signature
    ) public virtual returns (uint256) {
        bool valid = SignatureChecker.isValidSignatureNow(
            voter,
            _hashTypedDataV4(
                keccak256(
                    abi.encode(
                        EXTENDED_BALLOT_TYPEHASH,
                        proposalId,
                        support,
                        voter,
                        _useNonce(voter),
                        keccak256(bytes(reason)),
                        keccak256(params)
                    )
                )
            ),
            signature
        );

        if (!valid) {
            revert GovernorInvalidSignature(voter);
        }

        return _castVote(proposalId, voter, support, reason, params);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal vote casting mechanism: Check that the vote is pending, that it has not been cast yet, retrieve
     * voting weight using {IGovernor-getVotes} and call the {_countVote} internal function. Uses the _defaultParams().
     *
     * Emits a {IGovernor-VoteCast} event.
     */
    function _castVote(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address account,
        uint8 support,
        string memory reason
    ) internal virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _castVote(proposalId, account, support, reason, _defaultParams());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal vote casting mechanism: Check that the vote is pending, that it has not been cast yet, retrieve
     * voting weight using {IGovernor-getVotes} and call the {_countVote} internal function.
     *
     * Emits a {IGovernor-VoteCast} event.
     */
    function _castVote(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address account,
        uint8 support,
        string memory reason,
        bytes memory params
    ) internal virtual returns (uint256) {
        _validateStateBitmap(proposalId, _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState.Active));

        uint256 totalWeight = _getVotes(account, proposalSnapshot(proposalId), params);
        uint256 votedWeight = _countVote(proposalId, account, support, totalWeight, params);

        if (params.length == 0) {
            emit VoteCast(account, proposalId, support, votedWeight, reason);
        } else {
            emit VoteCastWithParams(account, proposalId, support, votedWeight, reason, params);
        }

        _tallyUpdated(proposalId);

        return votedWeight;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Relays a transaction or function call to an arbitrary target. In cases where the governance executor
     * is some contract other than the governor itself, like when using a timelock, this function can be invoked
     * in a governance proposal to recover tokens or Ether that was sent to the governor contract by mistake.
     * Note that if the executor is simply the governor itself, use of `relay` is redundant.
     */
    function relay(address target, uint256 value, bytes calldata data) external payable virtual onlyGovernance {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        Address.verifyCallResult(success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Address through which the governor executes action. Will be overloaded by module that execute actions
     * through another contract such as a timelock.
     */
    function _executor() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return address(this);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}.
     * Receiving tokens is disabled if the governance executor is other than the governor itself (eg. when using with a timelock).
     */
    function onERC721Received(address, address, uint256, bytes memory) public virtual returns (bytes4) {
        if (_executor() != address(this)) {
            revert GovernorDisabledDeposit();
        }
        return this.onERC721Received.selector;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC1155Receiver-onERC1155Received}.
     * Receiving tokens is disabled if the governance executor is other than the governor itself (eg. when using with a timelock).
     */
    function onERC1155Received(address, address, uint256, uint256, bytes memory) public virtual returns (bytes4) {
        if (_executor() != address(this)) {
            revert GovernorDisabledDeposit();
        }
        return this.onERC1155Received.selector;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC1155Receiver-onERC1155BatchReceived}.
     * Receiving tokens is disabled if the governance executor is other than the governor itself (eg. when using with a timelock).
     */
    function onERC1155BatchReceived(
        address,
        address,
        uint256[] memory,
        uint256[] memory,
        bytes memory
    ) public virtual returns (bytes4) {
        if (_executor() != address(this)) {
            revert GovernorDisabledDeposit();
        }
        return this.onERC1155BatchReceived.selector;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Encodes a `ProposalState` into a `bytes32` representation where each bit enabled corresponds to
     * the underlying position in the `ProposalState` enum. For example:
     *
     * 0x000...10000
     *   ^^^^^^------ ...
     *         ^----- Succeeded
     *          ^---- Defeated
     *           ^--- Canceled
     *            ^-- Active
     *             ^- Pending
     */
    function _encodeStateBitmap(ProposalState proposalState) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return bytes32(1 << uint8(proposalState));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Check that the current state of a proposal matches the requirements described by the `allowedStates` bitmap.
     * This bitmap should be built using `_encodeStateBitmap`.
     *
     * If requirements are not met, reverts with a {GovernorUnexpectedProposalState} error.
     */
    function _validateStateBitmap(uint256 proposalId, bytes32 allowedStates) internal view returns (ProposalState) {
        ProposalState currentState = state(proposalId);
        if (_encodeStateBitmap(currentState) & allowedStates == bytes32(0)) {
            revert GovernorUnexpectedProposalState(proposalId, currentState, allowedStates);
        }
        return currentState;
    }

    /*
     * @dev Check if the proposer is authorized to submit a proposal with the given description.
     *
     * If the proposal description ends with `#proposer=0x???`, where `0x???` is an address written as a hex string
     * (case insensitive), then the submission of this proposal will only be authorized to said address.
     *
     * This is used for frontrunning protection. By adding this pattern at the end of their proposal, one can ensure
     * that no other address can submit the same proposal. An attacker would have to either remove or change that part,
     * which would result in a different proposal id.
     *
     * If the description does not match this pattern, it is unrestricted and anyone can submit it. This includes:
     * - If the `0x???` part is not a valid hex string.
     * - If the `0x???` part is a valid hex string, but does not contain exactly 40 hex digits.
     * - If it ends with the expected suffix followed by newlines or other whitespace.
     * - If it ends with some other similar suffix, e.g. `#other=abc`.
     * - If it does not end with any such suffix.
     */
    function _isValidDescriptionForProposer(
        address proposer,
        string memory description
    ) internal view virtual returns (bool) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = bytes(description).length;

            // Length is too short to contain a valid proposer suffix
            if (length < 52) {
                return true;
            }

            // Extract what would be the `#proposer=` marker beginning the suffix
            bytes10 marker = bytes10(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes(description), length - 52));

            // If the marker is not found, there is no proposer suffix to check
            if (marker != bytes10("#proposer=")) {
                return true;
            }

            // Check that the last 42 characters (after the marker) are a properly formatted address.
            (bool success, address recovered) = Strings.tryParseAddress(description, length - 42, length);
            return !success || recovered == proposer;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IERC6372
     */
    function clock() public view virtual returns (uint48);

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IERC6372
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function CLOCK_MODE() public view virtual returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IGovernor
     */
    function votingDelay() public view virtual returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IGovernor
     */
    function votingPeriod() public view virtual returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @inheritdoc IGovernor
     */
    function quorum(uint256 timepoint) public view virtual returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Reads a bytes32 from a bytes array without bounds checking.
     *
     * NOTE: making this function internal would mean it could be used with memory unsafe offset, and marking the
     * assembly block as such would prevent some optimizations.
     */
    function _unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes memory buffer, uint256 offset) private pure returns (bytes32 value) {
        // This is not memory safe in the general case, but all calls to this private function are within bounds.
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            value := mload(add(buffer, add(0x20, offset)))
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (governance/IGovernor.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "../interfaces/IERC165.sol";
import {IERC6372} from "../interfaces/IERC6372.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface of the {Governor} core.
 *
 * NOTE: Event parameters lack the `indexed` keyword for compatibility with GovernorBravo events.
 * Making event parameters `indexed` affects how events are decoded, potentially breaking existing indexers.
 */
interface IGovernor is IERC165, IERC6372 {
    enum ProposalState {
        Pending,
        Active,
        Canceled,
        Defeated,
        Succeeded,
        Queued,
        Expired,
        Executed
    }

    /**
     * @dev Empty proposal or a mismatch between the parameters length for a proposal call.
     */
    error GovernorInvalidProposalLength(uint256 targets, uint256 calldatas, uint256 values);

    /**
     * @dev The vote was already cast.
     */
    error GovernorAlreadyCastVote(address voter);

    /**
     * @dev Token deposits are disabled in this contract.
     */
    error GovernorDisabledDeposit();

    /**
     * @dev The `account` is not a proposer.
     */
    error GovernorOnlyProposer(address account);

    /**
     * @dev The `account` is not the governance executor.
     */
    error GovernorOnlyExecutor(address account);

    /**
     * @dev The `proposalId` doesn't exist.
     */
    error GovernorNonexistentProposal(uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev The current state of a proposal is not the required for performing an operation.
     * The `expectedStates` is a bitmap with the bits enabled for each ProposalState enum position
     * counting from right to left.
     *
     * NOTE: If `expectedState` is `bytes32(0)`, the proposal is expected to not be in any state (i.e. not exist).
     * This is the case when a proposal that is expected to be unset is already initiated (the proposal is duplicated).
     *
     * See {Governor-_encodeStateBitmap}.
     */
    error GovernorUnexpectedProposalState(uint256 proposalId, ProposalState current, bytes32 expectedStates);

    /**
     * @dev The voting period set is not a valid period.
     */
    error GovernorInvalidVotingPeriod(uint256 votingPeriod);

    /**
     * @dev The `proposer` does not have the required votes to create a proposal.
     */
    error GovernorInsufficientProposerVotes(address proposer, uint256 votes, uint256 threshold);

    /**
     * @dev The `proposer` is not allowed to create a proposal.
     */
    error GovernorRestrictedProposer(address proposer);

    /**
     * @dev The vote type used is not valid for the corresponding counting module.
     */
    error GovernorInvalidVoteType();

    /**
     * @dev The provided params buffer is not supported by the counting module.
     */
    error GovernorInvalidVoteParams();

    /**
     * @dev Queue operation is not implemented for this governor. Execute should be called directly.
     */
    error GovernorQueueNotImplemented();

    /**
     * @dev The proposal hasn't been queued yet.
     */
    error GovernorNotQueuedProposal(uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev The proposal has already been queued.
     */
    error GovernorAlreadyQueuedProposal(uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev The provided signature is not valid for the expected `voter`.
     * If the `voter` is a contract, the signature is not valid using {IERC1271-isValidSignature}.
     */
    error GovernorInvalidSignature(address voter);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a proposal is created.
     */
    event ProposalCreated(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address proposer,
        address[] targets,
        uint256[] values,
        string[] signatures,
        bytes[] calldatas,
        uint256 voteStart,
        uint256 voteEnd,
        string description
    );

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a proposal is queued.
     */
    event ProposalQueued(uint256 proposalId, uint256 etaSeconds);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a proposal is executed.
     */
    event ProposalExecuted(uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a proposal is canceled.
     */
    event ProposalCanceled(uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a vote is cast without params.
     *
     * Note: `support` values should be seen as buckets. Their interpretation depends on the voting module used.
     */
    event VoteCast(address indexed voter, uint256 proposalId, uint8 support, uint256 weight, string reason);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a vote is cast with params.
     *
     * Note: `support` values should be seen as buckets. Their interpretation depends on the voting module used.
     * `params` are additional encoded parameters. Their interpretation  also depends on the voting module used.
     */
    event VoteCastWithParams(
        address indexed voter,
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        uint256 weight,
        string reason,
        bytes params
    );

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev Name of the governor instance (used in building the EIP-712 domain separator).
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev Version of the governor instance (used in building the EIP-712 domain separator). Default: "1"
     */
    function version() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @notice module:voting
     * @dev A description of the possible `support` values for {castVote} and the way these votes are counted, meant to
     * be consumed by UIs to show correct vote options and interpret the results. The string is a URL-encoded sequence of
     * key-value pairs that each describe one aspect, for example `support=bravo&quorum=for,abstain`.
     *
     * There are 2 standard keys: `support` and `quorum`.
     *
     * - `support=bravo` refers to the vote options 0 = Against, 1 = For, 2 = Abstain, as in `GovernorBravo`.
     * - `quorum=bravo` means that only For votes are counted towards quorum.
     * - `quorum=for,abstain` means that both For and Abstain votes are counted towards quorum.
     *
     * If a counting module makes use of encoded `params`, it should  include this under a `params` key with a unique
     * name that describes the behavior. For example:
     *
     * - `params=fractional` might refer to a scheme where votes are divided fractionally between for/against/abstain.
     * - `params=erc721` might refer to a scheme where specific NFTs are delegated to vote.
     *
     * NOTE: The string can be decoded by the standard
     * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams[`URLSearchParams`]
     * JavaScript class.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function COUNTING_MODE() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev Hashing function used to (re)build the proposal id from the proposal details..
     */
    function hashProposal(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) external pure returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev Current state of a proposal, following Compound's convention
     */
    function state(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (ProposalState);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev The number of votes required in order for a voter to become a proposer.
     */
    function proposalThreshold() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev Timepoint used to retrieve user's votes and quorum. If using block number (as per Compound's Comp), the
     * snapshot is performed at the end of this block. Hence, voting for this proposal starts at the beginning of the
     * following block.
     */
    function proposalSnapshot(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev Timepoint at which votes close. If using block number, votes close at the end of this block, so it is
     * possible to cast a vote during this block.
     */
    function proposalDeadline(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev The account that created a proposal.
     */
    function proposalProposer(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (address);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev The time when a queued proposal becomes executable ("ETA"). Unlike {proposalSnapshot} and
     * {proposalDeadline}, this doesn't use the governor clock, and instead relies on the executor's clock which may be
     * different. In most cases this will be a timestamp.
     */
    function proposalEta(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:core
     * @dev Whether a proposal needs to be queued before execution.
     */
    function proposalNeedsQueuing(uint256 proposalId) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @notice module:user-config
     * @dev Delay, between the proposal is created and the vote starts. The unit this duration is expressed in depends
     * on the clock (see ERC-6372) this contract uses.
     *
     * This can be increased to leave time for users to buy voting power, or delegate it, before the voting of a
     * proposal starts.
     *
     * NOTE: While this interface returns a uint256, timepoints are stored as uint48 following the ERC-6372 clock type.
     * Consequently this value must fit in a uint48 (when added to the current clock). See {IERC6372-clock}.
     */
    function votingDelay() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:user-config
     * @dev Delay between the vote start and vote end. The unit this duration is expressed in depends on the clock
     * (see ERC-6372) this contract uses.
     *
     * NOTE: The {votingDelay} can delay the start of the vote. This must be considered when setting the voting
     * duration compared to the voting delay.
     *
     * NOTE: This value is stored when the proposal is submitted so that possible changes to the value do not affect
     * proposals that have already been submitted. The type used to save it is a uint32. Consequently, while this
     * interface returns a uint256, the value it returns should fit in a uint32.
     */
    function votingPeriod() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:user-config
     * @dev Minimum number of cast voted required for a proposal to be successful.
     *
     * NOTE: The `timepoint` parameter corresponds to the snapshot used for counting vote. This allows to scale the
     * quorum depending on values such as the totalSupply of a token at this timepoint (see {ERC20Votes}).
     */
    function quorum(uint256 timepoint) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:reputation
     * @dev Voting power of an `account` at a specific `timepoint`.
     *
     * Note: this can be implemented in a number of ways, for example by reading the delegated balance from one (or
     * multiple), {ERC20Votes} tokens.
     */
    function getVotes(address account, uint256 timepoint) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:reputation
     * @dev Voting power of an `account` at a specific `timepoint` given additional encoded parameters.
     */
    function getVotesWithParams(
        address account,
        uint256 timepoint,
        bytes memory params
    ) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @notice module:voting
     * @dev Returns whether `account` has cast a vote on `proposalId`.
     */
    function hasVoted(uint256 proposalId, address account) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Create a new proposal. Vote start after a delay specified by {IGovernor-votingDelay} and lasts for a
     * duration specified by {IGovernor-votingPeriod}.
     *
     * Emits a {ProposalCreated} event.
     *
     * NOTE: The state of the Governor and `targets` may change between the proposal creation and its execution.
     * This may be the result of third party actions on the targeted contracts, or other governor proposals.
     * For example, the balance of this contract could be updated or its access control permissions may be modified,
     * possibly compromising the proposal's ability to execute successfully (e.g. the governor doesn't have enough
     * value to cover a proposal with multiple transfers).
     */
    function propose(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        string memory description
    ) external returns (uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev Queue a proposal. Some governors require this step to be performed before execution can happen. If queuing
     * is not necessary, this function may revert.
     * Queuing a proposal requires the quorum to be reached, the vote to be successful, and the deadline to be reached.
     *
     * Emits a {ProposalQueued} event.
     */
    function queue(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) external returns (uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev Execute a successful proposal. This requires the quorum to be reached, the vote to be successful, and the
     * deadline to be reached. Depending on the governor it might also be required that the proposal was queued and
     * that some delay passed.
     *
     * Emits a {ProposalExecuted} event.
     *
     * NOTE: Some modules can modify the requirements for execution, for example by adding an additional timelock.
     */
    function execute(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) external payable returns (uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev Cancel a proposal. A proposal is cancellable by the proposer, but only while it is Pending state, i.e.
     * before the vote starts.
     *
     * Emits a {ProposalCanceled} event.
     */
    function cancel(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) external returns (uint256 proposalId);

    /**
     * @dev Cast a vote
     *
     * Emits a {VoteCast} event.
     */
    function castVote(uint256 proposalId, uint8 support) external returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Cast a vote with a reason
     *
     * Emits a {VoteCast} event.
     */
    function castVoteWithReason(
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        string calldata reason
    ) external returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Cast a vote with a reason and additional encoded parameters
     *
     * Emits a {VoteCast} or {VoteCastWithParams} event depending on the length of params.
     */
    function castVoteWithReasonAndParams(
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        string calldata reason,
        bytes memory params
    ) external returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Cast a vote using the voter's signature, including ERC-1271 signature support.
     *
     * Emits a {VoteCast} event.
     */
    function castVoteBySig(
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        address voter,
        bytes memory signature
    ) external returns (uint256 balance);

    /**
     * @dev Cast a vote with a reason and additional encoded parameters using the voter's signature,
     * including ERC-1271 signature support.
     *
     * Emits a {VoteCast} or {VoteCastWithParams} event depending on the length of params.
     */
    function castVoteWithReasonAndParamsBySig(
        uint256 proposalId,
        uint8 support,
        address voter,
        string calldata reason,
        bytes memory params,
        bytes memory signature
    ) external returns (uint256 balance);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (governance/TimelockController.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {AccessControl} from "../access/AccessControl.sol";
import {ERC721Holder} from "../token/ERC721/utils/ERC721Holder.sol";
import {ERC1155Holder} from "../token/ERC1155/utils/ERC1155Holder.sol";
import {Address} from "../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which acts as a timelocked controller. When set as the
 * owner of an `Ownable` smart contract, it enforces a timelock on all
 * `onlyOwner` maintenance operations. This gives time for users of the
 * controlled contract to exit before a potentially dangerous maintenance
 * operation is applied.
 *
 * By default, this contract is self administered, meaning administration tasks
 * have to go through the timelock process. The proposer (resp executor) role
 * is in charge of proposing (resp executing) operations. A common use case is
 * to position this {TimelockController} as the owner of a smart contract, with
 * a multisig or a DAO as the sole proposer.
 */
contract TimelockController is AccessControl, ERC721Holder, ERC1155Holder {
    bytes32 public constant PROPOSER_ROLE = keccak256("PROPOSER_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant EXECUTOR_ROLE = keccak256("EXECUTOR_ROLE");
    bytes32 public constant CANCELLER_ROLE = keccak256("CANCELLER_ROLE");
    uint256 internal constant _DONE_TIMESTAMP = uint256(1);

    mapping(bytes32 id => uint256) private _timestamps;
    uint256 private _minDelay;

    enum OperationState {
        Unset,
        Waiting,
        Ready,
        Done
    }

    /**
     * @dev Mismatch between the parameters length for an operation call.
     */
    error TimelockInvalidOperationLength(uint256 targets, uint256 payloads, uint256 values);

    /**
     * @dev The schedule operation doesn't meet the minimum delay.
     */
    error TimelockInsufficientDelay(uint256 delay, uint256 minDelay);

    /**
     * @dev The current state of an operation is not as required.
     * The `expectedStates` is a bitmap with the bits enabled for each OperationState enum position
     * counting from right to left.
     *
     * See {_encodeStateBitmap}.
     */
    error TimelockUnexpectedOperationState(bytes32 operationId, bytes32 expectedStates);

    /**
     * @dev The predecessor to an operation not yet done.
     */
    error TimelockUnexecutedPredecessor(bytes32 predecessorId);

    /**
     * @dev The caller account is not authorized.
     */
    error TimelockUnauthorizedCaller(address caller);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a call is scheduled as part of operation `id`.
     */
    event CallScheduled(
        bytes32 indexed id,
        uint256 indexed index,
        address target,
        uint256 value,
        bytes data,
        bytes32 predecessor,
        uint256 delay
    );

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a call is performed as part of operation `id`.
     */
    event CallExecuted(bytes32 indexed id, uint256 indexed index, address target, uint256 value, bytes data);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when new proposal is scheduled with non-zero salt.
     */
    event CallSalt(bytes32 indexed id, bytes32 salt);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when operation `id` is cancelled.
     */
    event Cancelled(bytes32 indexed id);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the minimum delay for future operations is modified.
     */
    event MinDelayChange(uint256 oldDuration, uint256 newDuration);

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract with the following parameters:
     *
     * - `minDelay`: initial minimum delay in seconds for operations
     * - `proposers`: accounts to be granted proposer and canceller roles
     * - `executors`: accounts to be granted executor role
     * - `admin`: optional account to be granted admin role; disable with zero address
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The optional admin can aid with initial configuration of roles after deployment
     * without being subject to delay, but this role should be subsequently renounced in favor of
     * administration through timelocked proposals. Previous versions of this contract would assign
     * this admin to the deployer automatically and should be renounced as well.
     */
    constructor(uint256 minDelay, address[] memory proposers, address[] memory executors, address admin) {
        // self administration
        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, address(this));

        // optional admin
        if (admin != address(0)) {
            _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, admin);
        }

        // register proposers and cancellers
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < proposers.length; ++i) {
            _grantRole(PROPOSER_ROLE, proposers[i]);
            _grantRole(CANCELLER_ROLE, proposers[i]);
        }

        // register executors
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < executors.length; ++i) {
            _grantRole(EXECUTOR_ROLE, executors[i]);
        }

        _minDelay = minDelay;
        emit MinDelayChange(0, minDelay);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only by a certain role. In
     * addition to checking the sender's role, `address(0)` 's role is also
     * considered. Granting a role to `address(0)` is equivalent to enabling
     * this role for everyone.
     */
    modifier onlyRoleOrOpenRole(bytes32 role) {
        if (!hasRole(role, address(0))) {
            _checkRole(role, _msgSender());
        }
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Contract might receive/hold ETH as part of the maintenance process.
     */
    receive() external payable {}

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(
        bytes4 interfaceId
    ) public view virtual override(AccessControl, ERC1155Holder) returns (bool) {
        return super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether an id corresponds to a registered operation. This
     * includes both Waiting, Ready, and Done operations.
     */
    function isOperation(bytes32 id) public view returns (bool) {
        return getOperationState(id) != OperationState.Unset;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether an operation is pending or not. Note that a "pending" operation may also be "ready".
     */
    function isOperationPending(bytes32 id) public view returns (bool) {
        OperationState state = getOperationState(id);
        return state == OperationState.Waiting || state == OperationState.Ready;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether an operation is ready for execution. Note that a "ready" operation is also "pending".
     */
    function isOperationReady(bytes32 id) public view returns (bool) {
        return getOperationState(id) == OperationState.Ready;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether an operation is done or not.
     */
    function isOperationDone(bytes32 id) public view returns (bool) {
        return getOperationState(id) == OperationState.Done;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the timestamp at which an operation becomes ready (0 for
     * unset operations, 1 for done operations).
     */
    function getTimestamp(bytes32 id) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _timestamps[id];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns operation state.
     */
    function getOperationState(bytes32 id) public view virtual returns (OperationState) {
        uint256 timestamp = getTimestamp(id);
        if (timestamp == 0) {
            return OperationState.Unset;
        } else if (timestamp == _DONE_TIMESTAMP) {
            return OperationState.Done;
        } else if (timestamp > block.timestamp) {
            return OperationState.Waiting;
        } else {
            return OperationState.Ready;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the minimum delay in seconds for an operation to become valid.
     *
     * This value can be changed by executing an operation that calls `updateDelay`.
     */
    function getMinDelay() public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _minDelay;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the identifier of an operation containing a single
     * transaction.
     */
    function hashOperation(
        address target,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data,
        bytes32 predecessor,
        bytes32 salt
    ) public pure virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encode(target, value, data, predecessor, salt));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the identifier of an operation containing a batch of
     * transactions.
     */
    function hashOperationBatch(
        address[] calldata targets,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes[] calldata payloads,
        bytes32 predecessor,
        bytes32 salt
    ) public pure virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encode(targets, values, payloads, predecessor, salt));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Schedule an operation containing a single transaction.
     *
     * Emits {CallSalt} if salt is nonzero, and {CallScheduled}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have the 'proposer' role.
     */
    function schedule(
        address target,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data,
        bytes32 predecessor,
        bytes32 salt,
        uint256 delay
    ) public virtual onlyRole(PROPOSER_ROLE) {
        bytes32 id = hashOperation(target, value, data, predecessor, salt);
        _schedule(id, delay);
        emit CallScheduled(id, 0, target, value, data, predecessor, delay);
        if (salt != bytes32(0)) {
            emit CallSalt(id, salt);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Schedule an operation containing a batch of transactions.
     *
     * Emits {CallSalt} if salt is nonzero, and one {CallScheduled} event per transaction in the batch.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have the 'proposer' role.
     */
    function scheduleBatch(
        address[] calldata targets,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes[] calldata payloads,
        bytes32 predecessor,
        bytes32 salt,
        uint256 delay
    ) public virtual onlyRole(PROPOSER_ROLE) {
        if (targets.length != values.length || targets.length != payloads.length) {
            revert TimelockInvalidOperationLength(targets.length, payloads.length, values.length);
        }

        bytes32 id = hashOperationBatch(targets, values, payloads, predecessor, salt);
        _schedule(id, delay);
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < targets.length; ++i) {
            emit CallScheduled(id, i, targets[i], values[i], payloads[i], predecessor, delay);
        }
        if (salt != bytes32(0)) {
            emit CallSalt(id, salt);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Schedule an operation that is to become valid after a given delay.
     */
    function _schedule(bytes32 id, uint256 delay) private {
        if (isOperation(id)) {
            revert TimelockUnexpectedOperationState(id, _encodeStateBitmap(OperationState.Unset));
        }
        uint256 minDelay = getMinDelay();
        if (delay < minDelay) {
            revert TimelockInsufficientDelay(delay, minDelay);
        }
        _timestamps[id] = block.timestamp + delay;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Cancel an operation.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have the 'canceller' role.
     */
    function cancel(bytes32 id) public virtual onlyRole(CANCELLER_ROLE) {
        if (!isOperationPending(id)) {
            revert TimelockUnexpectedOperationState(
                id,
                _encodeStateBitmap(OperationState.Waiting) | _encodeStateBitmap(OperationState.Ready)
            );
        }
        delete _timestamps[id];

        emit Cancelled(id);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Execute an (ready) operation containing a single transaction.
     *
     * Emits a {CallExecuted} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have the 'executor' role.
     */
    // This function can reenter, but it doesn't pose a risk because _afterCall checks that the proposal is pending,
    // thus any modifications to the operation during reentrancy should be caught.
    // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-eth
    function execute(
        address target,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata payload,
        bytes32 predecessor,
        bytes32 salt
    ) public payable virtual onlyRoleOrOpenRole(EXECUTOR_ROLE) {
        bytes32 id = hashOperation(target, value, payload, predecessor, salt);

        _beforeCall(id, predecessor);
        _execute(target, value, payload);
        emit CallExecuted(id, 0, target, value, payload);
        _afterCall(id);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Execute an (ready) operation containing a batch of transactions.
     *
     * Emits one {CallExecuted} event per transaction in the batch.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have the 'executor' role.
     */
    // This function can reenter, but it doesn't pose a risk because _afterCall checks that the proposal is pending,
    // thus any modifications to the operation during reentrancy should be caught.
    // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-eth
    function executeBatch(
        address[] calldata targets,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes[] calldata payloads,
        bytes32 predecessor,
        bytes32 salt
    ) public payable virtual onlyRoleOrOpenRole(EXECUTOR_ROLE) {
        if (targets.length != values.length || targets.length != payloads.length) {
            revert TimelockInvalidOperationLength(targets.length, payloads.length, values.length);
        }

        bytes32 id = hashOperationBatch(targets, values, payloads, predecessor, salt);

        _beforeCall(id, predecessor);
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < targets.length; ++i) {
            address target = targets[i];
            uint256 value = values[i];
            bytes calldata payload = payloads[i];
            _execute(target, value, payload);
            emit CallExecuted(id, i, target, value, payload);
        }
        _afterCall(id);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Execute an operation's call.
     */
    function _execute(address target, uint256 value, bytes calldata data) internal virtual {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        Address.verifyCallResult(success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Checks before execution of an operation's calls.
     */
    function _beforeCall(bytes32 id, bytes32 predecessor) private view {
        if (!isOperationReady(id)) {
            revert TimelockUnexpectedOperationState(id, _encodeStateBitmap(OperationState.Ready));
        }
        if (predecessor != bytes32(0) && !isOperationDone(predecessor)) {
            revert TimelockUnexecutedPredecessor(predecessor);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Checks after execution of an operation's calls.
     */
    function _afterCall(bytes32 id) private {
        if (!isOperationReady(id)) {
            revert TimelockUnexpectedOperationState(id, _encodeStateBitmap(OperationState.Ready));
        }
        _timestamps[id] = _DONE_TIMESTAMP;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Changes the minimum timelock duration for future operations.
     *
     * Emits a {MinDelayChange} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be the timelock itself. This can only be achieved by scheduling and later executing
     * an operation where the timelock is the target and the data is the ABI-encoded call to this function.
     */
    function updateDelay(uint256 newDelay) external virtual {
        address sender = _msgSender();
        if (sender != address(this)) {
            revert TimelockUnauthorizedCaller(sender);
        }
        emit MinDelayChange(_minDelay, newDelay);
        _minDelay = newDelay;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Encodes a `OperationState` into a `bytes32` representation where each bit enabled corresponds to
     * the underlying position in the `OperationState` enum. For example:
     *
     * 0x000...1000
     *   ^^^^^^----- ...
     *         ^---- Done
     *          ^--- Ready
     *           ^-- Waiting
     *            ^- Unset
     */
    function _encodeStateBitmap(OperationState operationState) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return bytes32(1 << uint8(operationState));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (governance/utils/IVotes.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Common interface for {ERC20Votes}, {ERC721Votes}, and other {Votes}-enabled contracts.
 */
interface IVotes {
    /**
     * @dev The signature used has expired.
     */
    error VotesExpiredSignature(uint256 expiry);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when an account changes their delegate.
     */
    event DelegateChanged(address indexed delegator, address indexed fromDelegate, address indexed toDelegate);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when a token transfer or delegate change results in changes to a delegate's number of voting units.
     */
    event DelegateVotesChanged(address indexed delegate, uint256 previousVotes, uint256 newVotes);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current amount of votes that `account` has.
     */
    function getVotes(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of votes that `account` had at a specific moment in the past. If the `clock()` is
     * configured to use block numbers, this will return the value at the end of the corresponding block.
     */
    function getPastVotes(address account, uint256 timepoint) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the total supply of votes available at a specific moment in the past. If the `clock()` is
     * configured to use block numbers, this will return the value at the end of the corresponding block.
     *
     * NOTE: This value is the sum of all available votes, which is not necessarily the sum of all delegated votes.
     * Votes that have not been delegated are still part of total supply, even though they would not participate in a
     * vote.
     */
    function getPastTotalSupply(uint256 timepoint) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the delegate that `account` has chosen.
     */
    function delegates(address account) external view returns (address);

    /**
     * @dev Delegates votes from the sender to `delegatee`.
     */
    function delegate(address delegatee) external;

    /**
     * @dev Delegates votes from signer to `delegatee`.
     */
    function delegateBySig(address delegatee, uint256 nonce, uint256 expiry, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (interfaces/IERC1271.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC-1271 standard signature validation method for
 * contracts as defined in https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1271[ERC-1271].
 */
interface IERC1271 {
    /**
     * @dev Should return whether the signature provided is valid for the provided data
     * @param hash      Hash of the data to be signed
     * @param signature Signature byte array associated with _data
     */
    function isValidSignature(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) external view returns (bytes4 magicValue);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC5267.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

interface IERC5267 {
    /**
     * @dev MAY be emitted to signal that the domain could have changed.
     */
    event EIP712DomainChanged();

    /**
     * @dev returns the fields and values that describe the domain separator used by this contract for EIP-712
     * signature.
     */
    function eip712Domain()
        external
        view
        returns (
            bytes1 fields,
            string memory name,
            string memory version,
            uint256 chainId,
            address verifyingContract,
            bytes32 salt,
            uint256[] memory extensions
        );
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC5805.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IVotes} from "../governance/utils/IVotes.sol";
import {IERC6372} from "./IERC6372.sol";

interface IERC5805 is IERC6372, IVotes {}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC6372.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

interface IERC6372 {
    /**
     * @dev Clock used for flagging checkpoints. Can be overridden to implement timestamp based checkpoints (and voting).
     */
    function clock() external view returns (uint48);

    /**
     * @dev Description of the clock
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function CLOCK_MODE() external view returns (string memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC1155/IERC1155Receiver.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "../../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface that must be implemented by smart contracts in order to receive
 * ERC-1155 token transfers.
 */
interface IERC1155Receiver is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Handles the receipt of a single ERC-1155 token type. This function is
     * called at the end of a `safeTransferFrom` after the balance has been updated.
     *
     * NOTE: To accept the transfer, this must return
     * `bytes4(keccak256("onERC1155Received(address,address,uint256,uint256,bytes)"))`
     * (i.e. 0xf23a6e61, or its own function selector).
     *
     * @param operator The address which initiated the transfer (i.e. msg.sender)
     * @param from The address which previously owned the token
     * @param id The ID of the token being transferred
     * @param value The amount of tokens being transferred
     * @param data Additional data with no specified format
     * @return `bytes4(keccak256("onERC1155Received(address,address,uint256,uint256,bytes)"))` if transfer is allowed
     */
    function onERC1155Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256 id,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);

    /**
     * @dev Handles the receipt of a multiple ERC-1155 token types. This function
     * is called at the end of a `safeBatchTransferFrom` after the balances have
     * been updated.
     *
     * NOTE: To accept the transfer(s), this must return
     * `bytes4(keccak256("onERC1155BatchReceived(address,address,uint256[],uint256[],bytes)"))`
     * (i.e. 0xbc197c81, or its own function selector).
     *
     * @param operator The address which initiated the batch transfer (i.e. msg.sender)
     * @param from The address which previously owned the token
     * @param ids An array containing ids of each token being transferred (order and length must match values array)
     * @param values An array containing amounts of each token being transferred (order and length must match ids array)
     * @param data Additional data with no specified format
     * @return `bytes4(keccak256("onERC1155BatchReceived(address,address,uint256[],uint256[],bytes)"))` if transfer is allowed
     */
    function onERC1155BatchReceived(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256[] calldata ids,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC1155/utils/ERC1155Holder.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165, ERC165} from "../../../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";
import {IERC1155Receiver} from "../IERC1155Receiver.sol";

/**
 * @dev Simple implementation of `IERC1155Receiver` that will allow a contract to hold ERC-1155 tokens.
 *
 * IMPORTANT: When inheriting this contract, you must include a way to use the received tokens, otherwise they will be
 * stuck.
 */
abstract contract ERC1155Holder is ERC165, IERC1155Receiver {
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC165, IERC165) returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC1155Receiver).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    function onERC1155Received(
        address,
        address,
        uint256,
        uint256,
        bytes memory
    ) public virtual override returns (bytes4) {
        return this.onERC1155Received.selector;
    }

    function onERC1155BatchReceived(
        address,
        address,
        uint256[] memory,
        uint256[] memory,
        bytes memory
    ) public virtual override returns (bytes4) {
        return this.onERC1155BatchReceived.selector;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @title ERC-721 token receiver interface
 * @dev Interface for any contract that wants to support safeTransfers
 * from ERC-721 asset contracts.
 */
interface IERC721Receiver {
    /**
     * @dev Whenever an {IERC721} `tokenId` token is transferred to this contract via {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}
     * by `operator` from `from`, this function is called.
     *
     * It must return its Solidity selector to confirm the token transfer.
     * If any other value is returned or the interface is not implemented by the recipient, the transfer will be
     * reverted.
     *
     * The selector can be obtained in Solidity with `IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector`.
     */
    function onERC721Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256 tokenId,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (token/ERC721/utils/ERC721Holder.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC721Receiver} from "../IERC721Receiver.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC721Receiver} interface.
 *
 * Accepts all token transfers.
 * Make sure the contract is able to use its token with {IERC721-safeTransferFrom}, {IERC721-approve} or
 * {IERC721-setApprovalForAll}.
 */
abstract contract ERC721Holder is IERC721Receiver {
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received}.
     *
     * Always returns `IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector`.
     */
    function onERC721Received(address, address, uint256, bytes memory) public virtual returns (bytes4) {
        return this.onERC721Received.selector;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.2.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Errors} from "./Errors.sol";

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev There's no code at `target` (it is not a contract).
     */
    error AddressEmptyCode(address target);

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.20/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        if (address(this).balance < amount) {
            revert Errors.InsufficientBalance(address(this).balance, amount);
        }

        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason or custom error, it is bubbled
     * up by this function (like regular Solidity function calls). However, if
     * the call reverted with no returned reason, this function reverts with a
     * {Errors.FailedCall} error.
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        if (address(this).balance < value) {
            revert Errors.InsufficientBalance(address(this).balance, value);
        }
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and reverts if the target
     * was not a contract or bubbling up the revert reason (falling back to {Errors.FailedCall}) in case
     * of an unsuccessful call.
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            // only check if target is a contract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
            // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
            if (returndata.length == 0 && target.code.length == 0) {
                revert AddressEmptyCode(target);
            }
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and reverts if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or with a default {Errors.FailedCall} error.
     */
    function verifyCallResult(bool success, bytes memory returndata) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with returndata if present. Otherwise reverts with {Errors.FailedCall}.
     */
    function _revert(bytes memory returndata) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            assembly ("memory-safe") {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert Errors.FailedCall();
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.1) (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }

    function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) operations.
 *
 * These functions can be used to verify that a message was signed by the holder
 * of the private keys of a given address.
 */
library ECDSA {
    enum RecoverError {
        NoError,
        InvalidSignature,
        InvalidSignatureLength,
        InvalidSignatureS
    }

    /**
     * @dev The signature derives the `address(0)`.
     */
    error ECDSAInvalidSignature();

    /**
     * @dev The signature has an invalid length.
     */
    error ECDSAInvalidSignatureLength(uint256 length);

    /**
     * @dev The signature has an S value that is in the upper half order.
     */
    error ECDSAInvalidSignatureS(bytes32 s);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with `signature` or an error. This will not
     * return address(0) without also returning an error description. Errors are documented using an enum (error type)
     * and a bytes32 providing additional information about the error.
     *
     * If no error is returned, then the address can be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM precompile allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {MessageHashUtils-toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     *
     * Documentation for signature generation:
     * - with https://web3js.readthedocs.io/en/v1.3.4/web3-eth-accounts.html#sign[Web3.js]
     * - with https://docs.ethers.io/v5/api/signer/#Signer-signMessage[ethers]
     */
    function tryRecover(
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes memory signature
    ) internal pure returns (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errArg) {
        if (signature.length == 65) {
            bytes32 r;
            bytes32 s;
            uint8 v;
            // ecrecover takes the signature parameters, and the only way to get them
            // currently is to use assembly.
            assembly ("memory-safe") {
                r := mload(add(signature, 0x20))
                s := mload(add(signature, 0x40))
                v := byte(0, mload(add(signature, 0x60)))
            }
            return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        } else {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength, bytes32(signature.length));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the address that signed a hashed message (`hash`) with
     * `signature`. This address can then be used for verification purposes.
     *
     * The `ecrecover` EVM precompile allows for malleable (non-unique) signatures:
     * this function rejects them by requiring the `s` value to be in the lower
     * half order, and the `v` value to be either 27 or 28.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: `hash` _must_ be the result of a hash operation for the
     * verification to be secure: it is possible to craft signatures that
     * recover to arbitrary addresses for non-hashed data. A safe way to ensure
     * this is by receiving a hash of the original message (which may otherwise
     * be too long), and then calling {MessageHashUtils-toEthSignedMessageHash} on it.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, signature);
        _throwError(error, errorArg);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `r` and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     *
     * See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2098[ERC-2098 short signatures]
     */
    function tryRecover(
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 vs
    ) internal pure returns (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errArg) {
        unchecked {
            bytes32 s = vs & bytes32(0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff);
            // We do not check for an overflow here since the shift operation results in 0 or 1.
            uint8 v = uint8((uint256(vs) >> 255) + 27);
            return tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `r and `vs` short-signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, bytes32 r, bytes32 vs) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, r, vs);
        _throwError(error, errorArg);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-tryRecover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function tryRecover(
        bytes32 hash,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal pure returns (address recovered, RecoverError err, bytes32 errArg) {
        // EIP-2 still allows signature malleability for ecrecover(). Remove this possibility and make the signature
        // unique. Appendix F in the Ethereum Yellow paper (https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf), defines
        // the valid range for s in (301): 0 < s < secp256k1n ÷ 2 + 1, and for v in (302): v ∈ {27, 28}. Most
        // signatures from current libraries generate a unique signature with an s-value in the lower half order.
        //
        // If your library generates malleable signatures, such as s-values in the upper range, calculate a new s-value
        // with 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141 - s1 and flip v from 27 to 28 or
        // vice versa. If your library also generates signatures with 0/1 for v instead 27/28, add 27 to v to accept
        // these malleable signatures as well.
        if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS, s);
        }

        // If the signature is valid (and not malleable), return the signer address
        address signer = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
        if (signer == address(0)) {
            return (address(0), RecoverError.InvalidSignature, bytes32(0));
        }

        return (signer, RecoverError.NoError, bytes32(0));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Overload of {ECDSA-recover} that receives the `v`,
     * `r` and `s` signature fields separately.
     */
    function recover(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s) internal pure returns (address) {
        (address recovered, RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) = tryRecover(hash, v, r, s);
        _throwError(error, errorArg);
        return recovered;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Optionally reverts with the corresponding custom error according to the `error` argument provided.
     */
    function _throwError(RecoverError error, bytes32 errorArg) private pure {
        if (error == RecoverError.NoError) {
            return; // no error: do nothing
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignature) {
            revert ECDSAInvalidSignature();
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureLength) {
            revert ECDSAInvalidSignatureLength(uint256(errorArg));
        } else if (error == RecoverError.InvalidSignatureS) {
            revert ECDSAInvalidSignatureS(errorArg);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/cryptography/EIP712.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {MessageHashUtils} from "./MessageHashUtils.sol";
import {ShortStrings, ShortString} from "../ShortStrings.sol";
import {IERC5267} from "../../interfaces/IERC5267.sol";

/**
 * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP-712] is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data.
 *
 * The encoding scheme specified in the EIP requires a domain separator and a hash of the typed structured data, whose
 * encoding is very generic and therefore its implementation in Solidity is not feasible, thus this contract
 * does not implement the encoding itself. Protocols need to implement the type-specific encoding they need in order to
 * produce the hash of their typed data using a combination of `abi.encode` and `keccak256`.
 *
 * This contract implements the EIP-712 domain separator ({_domainSeparatorV4}) that is used as part of the encoding
 * scheme, and the final step of the encoding to obtain the message digest that is then signed via ECDSA
 * ({_hashTypedDataV4}).
 *
 * The implementation of the domain separator was designed to be as efficient as possible while still properly updating
 * the chain id to protect against replay attacks on an eventual fork of the chain.
 *
 * NOTE: This contract implements the version of the encoding known as "v4", as implemented by the JSON RPC method
 * https://docs.metamask.io/guide/signing-data.html[`eth_signTypedDataV4` in MetaMask].
 *
 * NOTE: In the upgradeable version of this contract, the cached values will correspond to the address, and the domain
 * separator of the implementation contract. This will cause the {_domainSeparatorV4} function to always rebuild the
 * separator from the immutable values, which is cheaper than accessing a cached version in cold storage.
 *
 * @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow state-variable-immutable
 */
abstract contract EIP712 is IERC5267 {
    using ShortStrings for *;

    bytes32 private constant TYPE_HASH =
        keccak256("EIP712Domain(string name,string version,uint256 chainId,address verifyingContract)");

    // Cache the domain separator as an immutable value, but also store the chain id that it corresponds to, in order to
    // invalidate the cached domain separator if the chain id changes.
    bytes32 private immutable _cachedDomainSeparator;
    uint256 private immutable _cachedChainId;
    address private immutable _cachedThis;

    bytes32 private immutable _hashedName;
    bytes32 private immutable _hashedVersion;

    ShortString private immutable _name;
    ShortString private immutable _version;
    string private _nameFallback;
    string private _versionFallback;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the domain separator and parameter caches.
     *
     * The meaning of `name` and `version` is specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-domainseparator[EIP-712]:
     *
     * - `name`: the user readable name of the signing domain, i.e. the name of the DApp or the protocol.
     * - `version`: the current major version of the signing domain.
     *
     * NOTE: These parameters cannot be changed except through a xref:learn::upgrading-smart-contracts.adoc[smart
     * contract upgrade].
     */
    constructor(string memory name, string memory version) {
        _name = name.toShortStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
        _version = version.toShortStringWithFallback(_versionFallback);
        _hashedName = keccak256(bytes(name));
        _hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(version));

        _cachedChainId = block.chainid;
        _cachedDomainSeparator = _buildDomainSeparator();
        _cachedThis = address(this);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator for the current chain.
     */
    function _domainSeparatorV4() internal view returns (bytes32) {
        if (address(this) == _cachedThis && block.chainid == _cachedChainId) {
            return _cachedDomainSeparator;
        } else {
            return _buildDomainSeparator();
        }
    }

    function _buildDomainSeparator() private view returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encode(TYPE_HASH, _hashedName, _hashedVersion, block.chainid, address(this)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Given an already https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712#definition-of-hashstruct[hashed struct], this
     * function returns the hash of the fully encoded EIP712 message for this domain.
     *
     * This hash can be used together with {ECDSA-recover} to obtain the signer of a message. For example:
     *
     * ```solidity
     * bytes32 digest = _hashTypedDataV4(keccak256(abi.encode(
     *     keccak256("Mail(address to,string contents)"),
     *     mailTo,
     *     keccak256(bytes(mailContents))
     * )));
     * address signer = ECDSA.recover(digest, signature);
     * ```
     */
    function _hashTypedDataV4(bytes32 structHash) internal view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return MessageHashUtils.toTypedDataHash(_domainSeparatorV4(), structHash);
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC-5267}.
     */
    function eip712Domain()
        public
        view
        virtual
        returns (
            bytes1 fields,
            string memory name,
            string memory version,
            uint256 chainId,
            address verifyingContract,
            bytes32 salt,
            uint256[] memory extensions
        )
    {
        return (
            hex"0f", // 01111
            _EIP712Name(),
            _EIP712Version(),
            block.chainid,
            address(this),
            bytes32(0),
            new uint256[](0)
        );
    }

    /**
     * @dev The name parameter for the EIP712 domain.
     *
     * NOTE: By default this function reads _name which is an immutable value.
     * It only reads from storage if necessary (in case the value is too large to fit in a ShortString).
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function _EIP712Name() internal view returns (string memory) {
        return _name.toStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
    }

    /**
     * @dev The version parameter for the EIP712 domain.
     *
     * NOTE: By default this function reads _version which is an immutable value.
     * It only reads from storage if necessary (in case the value is too large to fit in a ShortString).
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function _EIP712Version() internal view returns (string memory) {
        return _version.toStringWithFallback(_versionFallback);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/cryptography/MessageHashUtils.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Strings} from "../Strings.sol";

/**
 * @dev Signature message hash utilities for producing digests to be consumed by {ECDSA} recovery or signing.
 *
 * The library provides methods for generating a hash of a message that conforms to the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-191[ERC-191] and https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[EIP 712]
 * specifications.
 */
library MessageHashUtils {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version
     * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages).
     *
     * The digest is calculated by prefixing a bytes32 `messageHash` with
     * `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32"` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the
     * hash signed when using the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method.
     *
     * NOTE: The `messageHash` parameter is intended to be the result of hashing a raw message with
     * keccak256, although any bytes32 value can be safely used because the final digest will
     * be re-hashed.
     *
     * See {ECDSA-recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes32 messageHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            mstore(0x00, "\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n32") // 32 is the bytes-length of messageHash
            mstore(0x1c, messageHash) // 0x1c (28) is the length of the prefix
            digest := keccak256(0x00, 0x3c) // 0x3c is the length of the prefix (0x1c) + messageHash (0x20)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version
     * `0x45` (`personal_sign` messages).
     *
     * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `message` with
     * `"\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n" + len(message)` and hashing the result. It corresponds with the
     * hash signed when using the https://eth.wiki/json-rpc/API#eth_sign[`eth_sign`] JSON-RPC method.
     *
     * See {ECDSA-recover}.
     */
    function toEthSignedMessageHash(bytes memory message) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return
            keccak256(bytes.concat("\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n", bytes(Strings.toString(message.length)), message));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an ERC-191 signed data with version
     * `0x00` (data with intended validator).
     *
     * The digest is calculated by prefixing an arbitrary `data` with `"\x19\x00"` and the intended
     * `validator` address. Then hashing the result.
     *
     * See {ECDSA-recover}.
     */
    function toDataWithIntendedValidatorHash(address validator, bytes memory data) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
        return keccak256(abi.encodePacked(hex"19_00", validator, data));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the keccak256 digest of an EIP-712 typed data (ERC-191 version `0x01`).
     *
     * The digest is calculated from a `domainSeparator` and a `structHash`, by prefixing them with
     * `\x19\x01` and hashing the result. It corresponds to the hash signed by the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712[`eth_signTypedData`] JSON-RPC method as part of EIP-712.
     *
     * See {ECDSA-recover}.
     */
    function toTypedDataHash(bytes32 domainSeparator, bytes32 structHash) internal pure returns (bytes32 digest) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            mstore(ptr, hex"19_01")
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x02), domainSeparator)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x22), structHash)
            digest := keccak256(ptr, 0x42)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/cryptography/SignatureChecker.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {ECDSA} from "./ECDSA.sol";
import {IERC1271} from "../../interfaces/IERC1271.sol";

/**
 * @dev Signature verification helper that can be used instead of `ECDSA.recover` to seamlessly support both ECDSA
 * signatures from externally owned accounts (EOAs) as well as ERC-1271 signatures from smart contract wallets like
 * Argent and Safe Wallet (previously Gnosis Safe).
 */
library SignatureChecker {
    /**
     * @dev Checks if a signature is valid for a given signer and data hash. If the signer is a smart contract, the
     * signature is validated against that smart contract using ERC-1271, otherwise it's validated using `ECDSA.recover`.
     *
     * NOTE: Unlike ECDSA signatures, contract signatures are revocable, and the outcome of this function can thus
     * change through time. It could return true at block N and false at block N+1 (or the opposite).
     */
    function isValidSignatureNow(address signer, bytes32 hash, bytes memory signature) internal view returns (bool) {
        if (signer.code.length == 0) {
            (address recovered, ECDSA.RecoverError err, ) = ECDSA.tryRecover(hash, signature);
            return err == ECDSA.RecoverError.NoError && recovered == signer;
        } else {
            return isValidERC1271SignatureNow(signer, hash, signature);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Checks if a signature is valid for a given signer and data hash. The signature is validated
     * against the signer smart contract using ERC-1271.
     *
     * NOTE: Unlike ECDSA signatures, contract signatures are revocable, and the outcome of this function can thus
     * change through time. It could return true at block N and false at block N+1 (or the opposite).
     */
    function isValidERC1271SignatureNow(
        address signer,
        bytes32 hash,
        bytes memory signature
    ) internal view returns (bool) {
        (bool success, bytes memory result) = signer.staticcall(
            abi.encodeCall(IERC1271.isValidSignature, (hash, signature))
        );
        return (success &&
            result.length >= 32 &&
            abi.decode(result, (bytes32)) == bytes32(IERC1271.isValidSignature.selector));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Errors.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Collection of common custom errors used in multiple contracts
 *
 * IMPORTANT: Backwards compatibility is not guaranteed in future versions of the library.
 * It is recommended to avoid relying on the error API for critical functionality.
 *
 * _Available since v5.1._
 */
library Errors {
    /**
     * @dev The ETH balance of the account is not enough to perform the operation.
     */
    error InsufficientBalance(uint256 balance, uint256 needed);

    /**
     * @dev A call to an address target failed. The target may have reverted.
     */
    error FailedCall();

    /**
     * @dev The deployment failed.
     */
    error FailedDeployment();

    /**
     * @dev A necessary precompile is missing.
     */
    error MissingPrecompile(address);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "./IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC-165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 */
abstract contract ERC165 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC-165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[ERC].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[ERC section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Panic} from "../Panic.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "./SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Floor, // Toward negative infinity
        Ceil, // Toward positive infinity
        Trunc, // Toward zero
        Expand // Away from zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 c = a + b;
            if (c < a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b > a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a - b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
            // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
            // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
            if (a == 0) return (true, 0);
            uint256 c = a * b;
            if (c / a != b) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero).
     */
    function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a / b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero).
     */
    function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a % b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone.
     * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute
     * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive.
     */
    function ternary(bool condition, uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // branchless ternary works because:
            // b ^ (a ^ b) == a
            // b ^ 0 == b
            return b ^ ((a ^ b) * SafeCast.toUint(condition));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return ternary(a > b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return ternary(a < b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead
     * of rounding towards zero.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (b == 0) {
            // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division.
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }

        // The following calculation ensures accurate ceiling division without overflow.
        // Since a is non-zero, (a - 1) / b will not overflow.
        // The largest possible result occurs when (a - 1) / b is type(uint256).max,
        // but the largest value we can obtain is type(uint256).max - 1, which happens
        // when a = type(uint256).max and b = 1.
        unchecked {
            return SafeCast.toUint(a > 0) * ((a - 1) / b + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or
     * denominator == 0.
     *
     * Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by
     * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2²⁵⁶ and mod 2²⁵⁶ - 1, then use
            // the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2²⁵⁶ + prod0.
            uint256 prod0 = x * y; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own.
                // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact.
                // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic.
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2²⁵⁶. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            if (denominator <= prod1) {
                Panic.panic(ternary(denominator == 0, Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO, Panic.UNDER_OVERFLOW));
            }

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator.
            // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2²⁵⁶ / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2²⁵⁶. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2²⁵⁶ such
            // that denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2²⁵⁶. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2⁴.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also
            // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁸
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹⁶
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2³²
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁶⁴
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹²⁸
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2²⁵⁶

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2²⁵⁶. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2²⁵⁶, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDiv(x, y, denominator) + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculate the modular multiplicative inverse of a number in Z/nZ.
     *
     * If n is a prime, then Z/nZ is a field. In that case all elements are inversible, except 0.
     * If n is not a prime, then Z/nZ is not a field, and some elements might not be inversible.
     *
     * If the input value is not inversible, 0 is returned.
     *
     * NOTE: If you know for sure that n is (big) a prime, it may be cheaper to use Fermat's little theorem and get the
     * inverse using `Math.modExp(a, n - 2, n)`. See {invModPrime}.
     */
    function invMod(uint256 a, uint256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (n == 0) return 0;

            // The inverse modulo is calculated using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm (iterative version)
            // Used to compute integers x and y such that: ax + ny = gcd(a, n).
            // When the gcd is 1, then the inverse of a modulo n exists and it's x.
            // ax + ny = 1
            // ax = 1 + (-y)n
            // ax ≡ 1 (mod n) # x is the inverse of a modulo n

            // If the remainder is 0 the gcd is n right away.
            uint256 remainder = a % n;
            uint256 gcd = n;

            // Therefore the initial coefficients are:
            // ax + ny = gcd(a, n) = n
            // 0a + 1n = n
            int256 x = 0;
            int256 y = 1;

            while (remainder != 0) {
                uint256 quotient = gcd / remainder;

                (gcd, remainder) = (
                    // The old remainder is the next gcd to try.
                    remainder,
                    // Compute the next remainder.
                    // Can't overflow given that (a % gcd) * (gcd // (a % gcd)) <= gcd
                    // where gcd is at most n (capped to type(uint256).max)
                    gcd - remainder * quotient
                );

                (x, y) = (
                    // Increment the coefficient of a.
                    y,
                    // Decrement the coefficient of n.
                    // Can overflow, but the result is casted to uint256 so that the
                    // next value of y is "wrapped around" to a value between 0 and n - 1.
                    x - y * int256(quotient)
                );
            }

            if (gcd != 1) return 0; // No inverse exists.
            return ternary(x < 0, n - uint256(-x), uint256(x)); // Wrap the result if it's negative.
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {invMod}. More efficient, but only works if `p` is known to be a prime greater than `2`.
     *
     * From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_little_theorem[Fermat's little theorem], we know that if p is
     * prime, then `a**(p-1) ≡ 1 mod p`. As a consequence, we have `a * a**(p-2) ≡ 1 mod p`, which means that
     * `a**(p-2)` is the modular multiplicative inverse of a in Fp.
     *
     * NOTE: this function does NOT check that `p` is a prime greater than `2`.
     */
    function invModPrime(uint256 a, uint256 p) internal view returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            return Math.modExp(a, p - 2, p);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m)
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - modulus can't be zero
     * - underlying staticcall to precompile must succeed
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the underlying call succeeds. When using this function, make
     * sure the chain you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation
     * at address 0x05 as specified in https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise,
     * the underlying function will succeed given the lack of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly
     * interpreted as 0.
     */
    function modExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (uint256) {
        (bool success, uint256 result) = tryModExp(b, e, m);
        if (!success) {
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m).
     * It includes a success flag indicating if the operation succeeded. Operation will be marked as failed if trying
     * to operate modulo 0 or if the underlying precompile reverted.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the success flag is true. When using this function, make sure the chain
     * you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation at address 0x05 as specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise, the underlying function will succeed given the lack
     * of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly interpreted as 0.
     */
    function tryModExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        if (m == 0) return (false, 0);
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            // | Offset    | Content    | Content (Hex)                                                      |
            // |-----------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
            // | 0x00:0x1f | size of b  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x20:0x3f | size of e  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x40:0x5f | size of m  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x60:0x7f | value of b | 0x<.............................................................b> |
            // | 0x80:0x9f | value of e | 0x<.............................................................e> |
            // | 0xa0:0xbf | value of m | 0x<.............................................................m> |
            mstore(ptr, 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x20), 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x40), 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x60), b)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x80), e)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0xa0), m)

            // Given the result < m, it's guaranteed to fit in 32 bytes,
            // so we can use the memory scratch space located at offset 0.
            success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, ptr, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x20)
            result := mload(0x00)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {modExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length.
     */
    function modExp(bytes memory b, bytes memory e, bytes memory m) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory result) = tryModExp(b, e, m);
        if (!success) {
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {tryModExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length.
     */
    function tryModExp(
        bytes memory b,
        bytes memory e,
        bytes memory m
    ) internal view returns (bool success, bytes memory result) {
        if (_zeroBytes(m)) return (false, new bytes(0));

        uint256 mLen = m.length;

        // Encode call args in result and move the free memory pointer
        result = abi.encodePacked(b.length, e.length, mLen, b, e, m);

        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let dataPtr := add(result, 0x20)
            // Write result on top of args to avoid allocating extra memory.
            success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, dataPtr, mload(result), dataPtr, mLen)
            // Overwrite the length.
            // result.length > returndatasize() is guaranteed because returndatasize() == m.length
            mstore(result, mLen)
            // Set the memory pointer after the returned data.
            mstore(0x40, add(dataPtr, mLen))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether the provided byte array is zero.
     */
    function _zeroBytes(bytes memory byteArray) private pure returns (bool) {
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < byteArray.length; ++i) {
            if (byteArray[i] != 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded
     * towards zero.
     *
     * This method is based on Newton's method for computing square roots; the algorithm is restricted to only
     * using integer operations.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // Take care of easy edge cases when a == 0 or a == 1
            if (a <= 1) {
                return a;
            }

            // In this function, we use Newton's method to get a root of `f(x) := x² - a`. It involves building a
            // sequence x_n that converges toward sqrt(a). For each iteration x_n, we also define the error between
            // the current value as `ε_n = | x_n - sqrt(a) |`.
            //
            // For our first estimation, we consider `e` the smallest power of 2 which is bigger than the square root
            // of the target. (i.e. `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e`). We know that `e ≤ 128` because `(2¹²⁸)² = 2²⁵⁶` is
            // bigger than any uint256.
            //
            // By noticing that
            // `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e → (2**(e-1))² ≤ a < (2**e)² → 2**(2*e-2) ≤ a < 2**(2*e)`
            // we can deduce that `e - 1` is `log2(a) / 2`. We can thus compute `x_n = 2**(e-1)` using a method similar
            // to the msb function.
            uint256 aa = a;
            uint256 xn = 1;

            if (aa >= (1 << 128)) {
                aa >>= 128;
                xn <<= 64;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 64)) {
                aa >>= 64;
                xn <<= 32;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 32)) {
                aa >>= 32;
                xn <<= 16;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 16)) {
                aa >>= 16;
                xn <<= 8;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 8)) {
                aa >>= 8;
                xn <<= 4;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 4)) {
                aa >>= 4;
                xn <<= 2;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 2)) {
                xn <<= 1;
            }

            // We now have x_n such that `x_n = 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e = 2 * x_n`. This implies ε_n ≤ 2**(e-1).
            //
            // We can refine our estimation by noticing that the middle of that interval minimizes the error.
            // If we move x_n to equal 2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2), then we reduce the error to ε_n ≤ 2**(e-2).
            // This is going to be our x_0 (and ε_0)
            xn = (3 * xn) >> 1; // ε_0 := | x_0 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-2)

            // From here, Newton's method give us:
            // x_{n+1} = (x_n + a / x_n) / 2
            //
            // One should note that:
            // x_{n+1}² - a = ((x_n + a / x_n) / 2)² - a
            //              = ((x_n² + a) / (2 * x_n))² - a
            //              = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²) - a
            //              = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a² - 4 * a * x_n²) / (4 * x_n²)
            //              = (x_n⁴ - 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²)
            //              = (x_n² - a)² / (2 * x_n)²
            //              = ((x_n² - a) / (2 * x_n))²
            //              ≥ 0
            // Which proves that for all n ≥ 1, sqrt(a) ≤ x_n
            //
            // This gives us the proof of quadratic convergence of the sequence:
            // ε_{n+1} = | x_{n+1} - sqrt(a) |
            //         = | (x_n + a / x_n) / 2 - sqrt(a) |
            //         = | (x_n² + a - 2*x_n*sqrt(a)) / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = | (x_n - sqrt(a))² / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = | ε_n² / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) |
            //
            // For the first iteration, we have a special case where x_0 is known:
            // ε_1 = ε_0² / | (2 * x_0) |
            //     ≤ (2**(e-2))² / (2 * (2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2)))
            //     ≤ 2**(2*e-4) / (3 * 2**(e-1))
            //     ≤ 2**(e-3) / 3
            //     ≤ 2**(e-3-log2(3))
            //     ≤ 2**(e-4.5)
            //
            // For the following iterations, we use the fact that, 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) ≤ x_n:
            // ε_{n+1} = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) |
            //         ≤ (2**(e-k))² / (2 * 2**(e-1))
            //         ≤ 2**(2*e-2*k) / 2**e
            //         ≤ 2**(e-2*k)
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_1 := | x_1 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-4.5)  -- special case, see above
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_2 := | x_2 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-9)    -- general case with k = 4.5
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_3 := | x_3 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-18)   -- general case with k = 9
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_4 := | x_4 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-36)   -- general case with k = 18
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_5 := | x_5 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-72)   -- general case with k = 36
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_6 := | x_6 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-144)  -- general case with k = 72

            // Because e ≤ 128 (as discussed during the first estimation phase), we know have reached a precision
            // ε_6 ≤ 2**(e-144) < 1. Given we're operating on integers, then we can ensure that xn is now either
            // sqrt(a) or sqrt(a) + 1.
            return xn - SafeCast.toUint(xn > a / xn);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        uint256 exp;
        unchecked {
            exp = 128 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 128) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 64 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 64) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 32 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 32) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 16 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 16) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 8 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 8) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 4 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 4) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 2 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 2) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            result += SafeCast.toUint(value > 1);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10 ** 64) {
                value /= 10 ** 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 32) {
                value /= 10 ** 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 16) {
                value /= 10 ** 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 8) {
                value /= 10 ** 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 4) {
                value /= 10 ** 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 2) {
                value /= 10 ** 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        uint256 isGt;
        unchecked {
            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 128) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 128;
            result += isGt * 16;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 64) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 64;
            result += isGt * 8;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 32) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 32;
            result += isGt * 4;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 16) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 16;
            result += isGt * 2;

            result += SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 8) - 1);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers.
     */
    function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/SafeCast.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/SafeCast.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's uintXX/intXX/bool casting operators with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Downcasting from uint256/int256 in Solidity does not revert on overflow. This can
 * easily result in undesired exploitation or bugs, since developers usually
 * assume that overflows raise errors. `SafeCast` restores this intuition by
 * reverting the transaction when such an operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeCast {
    /**
     * @dev Value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(uint8 bits, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev An int value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(int256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(uint8 bits, int256 value);

    /**
     * @dev An uint value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint248 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint248).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint248` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 248 bits
     */
    function toUint248(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint248) {
        if (value > type(uint248).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(248, value);
        }
        return uint248(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint240 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint240).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint240` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 240 bits
     */
    function toUint240(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint240) {
        if (value > type(uint240).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(240, value);
        }
        return uint240(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint232 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint232).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint232` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 232 bits
     */
    function toUint232(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint232) {
        if (value > type(uint232).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(232, value);
        }
        return uint232(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint224 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint224).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint224` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 224 bits
     */
    function toUint224(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint224) {
        if (value > type(uint224).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(224, value);
        }
        return uint224(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint216 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint216).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint216` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 216 bits
     */
    function toUint216(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint216) {
        if (value > type(uint216).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(216, value);
        }
        return uint216(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint208 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint208).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint208` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 208 bits
     */
    function toUint208(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint208) {
        if (value > type(uint208).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(208, value);
        }
        return uint208(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint200 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint200).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint200` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 200 bits
     */
    function toUint200(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint200) {
        if (value > type(uint200).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(200, value);
        }
        return uint200(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint192 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint192).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint192` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 192 bits
     */
    function toUint192(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        if (value > type(uint192).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(192, value);
        }
        return uint192(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint184 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint184).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint184` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 184 bits
     */
    function toUint184(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint184) {
        if (value > type(uint184).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(184, value);
        }
        return uint184(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint176 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint176).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint176` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 176 bits
     */
    function toUint176(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint176) {
        if (value > type(uint176).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(176, value);
        }
        return uint176(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint168 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint168).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint168` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 168 bits
     */
    function toUint168(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint168) {
        if (value > type(uint168).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(168, value);
        }
        return uint168(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint160 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint160).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint160` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 160 bits
     */
    function toUint160(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint160) {
        if (value > type(uint160).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(160, value);
        }
        return uint160(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint152 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint152).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint152` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 152 bits
     */
    function toUint152(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint152) {
        if (value > type(uint152).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(152, value);
        }
        return uint152(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint144 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint144).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint144` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 144 bits
     */
    function toUint144(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint144) {
        if (value > type(uint144).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(144, value);
        }
        return uint144(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint136 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint136).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint136` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 136 bits
     */
    function toUint136(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint136) {
        if (value > type(uint136).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(136, value);
        }
        return uint136(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint128 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toUint128(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint128) {
        if (value > type(uint128).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(128, value);
        }
        return uint128(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint120 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint120).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint120` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 120 bits
     */
    function toUint120(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint120) {
        if (value > type(uint120).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(120, value);
        }
        return uint120(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint112 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint112).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint112` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 112 bits
     */
    function toUint112(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint112) {
        if (value > type(uint112).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(112, value);
        }
        return uint112(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint104 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint104).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint104` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 104 bits
     */
    function toUint104(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint104) {
        if (value > type(uint104).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(104, value);
        }
        return uint104(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint96 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint96).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint96` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 96 bits
     */
    function toUint96(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint96) {
        if (value > type(uint96).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(96, value);
        }
        return uint96(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint88 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint88).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint88` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 88 bits
     */
    function toUint88(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint88) {
        if (value > type(uint88).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(88, value);
        }
        return uint88(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint80 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint80).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint80` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 80 bits
     */
    function toUint80(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint80) {
        if (value > type(uint80).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(80, value);
        }
        return uint80(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint72 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint72).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint72` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 72 bits
     */
    function toUint72(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint72) {
        if (value > type(uint72).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(72, value);
        }
        return uint72(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint64 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toUint64(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint64) {
        if (value > type(uint64).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(64, value);
        }
        return uint64(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint56 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint56).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint56` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 56 bits
     */
    function toUint56(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint56) {
        if (value > type(uint56).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(56, value);
        }
        return uint56(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint48 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint48).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint48` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 48 bits
     */
    function toUint48(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint48) {
        if (value > type(uint48).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(48, value);
        }
        return uint48(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint40 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint40).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint40` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 40 bits
     */
    function toUint40(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint40) {
        if (value > type(uint40).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(40, value);
        }
        return uint40(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint32 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toUint32(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint32) {
        if (value > type(uint32).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(32, value);
        }
        return uint32(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint24 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint24).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint24` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 24 bits
     */
    function toUint24(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint24) {
        if (value > type(uint24).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(24, value);
        }
        return uint24(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint16 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toUint16(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint16) {
        if (value > type(uint16).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(16, value);
        }
        return uint16(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint8 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits
     */
    function toUint8(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint8) {
        if (value > type(uint8).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(8, value);
        }
        return uint8(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a signed int256 into an unsigned uint256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be greater than or equal to 0.
     */
    function toUint256(int256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (value < 0) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(value);
        }
        return uint256(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int248 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int248 or
     * greater than largest int248).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int248` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 248 bits
     */
    function toInt248(int256 value) internal pure returns (int248 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int248(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(248, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int240 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int240 or
     * greater than largest int240).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int240` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 240 bits
     */
    function toInt240(int256 value) internal pure returns (int240 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int240(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(240, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int232 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int232 or
     * greater than largest int232).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int232` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 232 bits
     */
    function toInt232(int256 value) internal pure returns (int232 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int232(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(232, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int224 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int224 or
     * greater than largest int224).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int224` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 224 bits
     */
    function toInt224(int256 value) internal pure returns (int224 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int224(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(224, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int216 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int216 or
     * greater than largest int216).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int216` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 216 bits
     */
    function toInt216(int256 value) internal pure returns (int216 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int216(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(216, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int208 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int208 or
     * greater than largest int208).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int208` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 208 bits
     */
    function toInt208(int256 value) internal pure returns (int208 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int208(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(208, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int200 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int200 or
     * greater than largest int200).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int200` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 200 bits
     */
    function toInt200(int256 value) internal pure returns (int200 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int200(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(200, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int192 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int192 or
     * greater than largest int192).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int192` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 192 bits
     */
    function toInt192(int256 value) internal pure returns (int192 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int192(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(192, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int184 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int184 or
     * greater than largest int184).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int184` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 184 bits
     */
    function toInt184(int256 value) internal pure returns (int184 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int184(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(184, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int176 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int176 or
     * greater than largest int176).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int176` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 176 bits
     */
    function toInt176(int256 value) internal pure returns (int176 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int176(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(176, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int168 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int168 or
     * greater than largest int168).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int168` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 168 bits
     */
    function toInt168(int256 value) internal pure returns (int168 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int168(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(168, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int160 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int160 or
     * greater than largest int160).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int160` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 160 bits
     */
    function toInt160(int256 value) internal pure returns (int160 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int160(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(160, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int152 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int152 or
     * greater than largest int152).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int152` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 152 bits
     */
    function toInt152(int256 value) internal pure returns (int152 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int152(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(152, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int144 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int144 or
     * greater than largest int144).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int144` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 144 bits
     */
    function toInt144(int256 value) internal pure returns (int144 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int144(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(144, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int136 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int136 or
     * greater than largest int136).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int136` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 136 bits
     */
    function toInt136(int256 value) internal pure returns (int136 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int136(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(136, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int128 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int128 or
     * greater than largest int128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toInt128(int256 value) internal pure returns (int128 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int128(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(128, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int120 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int120 or
     * greater than largest int120).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int120` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 120 bits
     */
    function toInt120(int256 value) internal pure returns (int120 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int120(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(120, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int112 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int112 or
     * greater than largest int112).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int112` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 112 bits
     */
    function toInt112(int256 value) internal pure returns (int112 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int112(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(112, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int104 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int104 or
     * greater than largest int104).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int104` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 104 bits
     */
    function toInt104(int256 value) internal pure returns (int104 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int104(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(104, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int96 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int96 or
     * greater than largest int96).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int96` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 96 bits
     */
    function toInt96(int256 value) internal pure returns (int96 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int96(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(96, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int88 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int88 or
     * greater than largest int88).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int88` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 88 bits
     */
    function toInt88(int256 value) internal pure returns (int88 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int88(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(88, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int80 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int80 or
     * greater than largest int80).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int80` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 80 bits
     */
    function toInt80(int256 value) internal pure returns (int80 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int80(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(80, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int72 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int72 or
     * greater than largest int72).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int72` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 72 bits
     */
    function toInt72(int256 value) internal pure returns (int72 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int72(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(72, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int64 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int64 or
     * greater than largest int64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toInt64(int256 value) internal pure returns (int64 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int64(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(64, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int56 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int56 or
     * greater than largest int56).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int56` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 56 bits
     */
    function toInt56(int256 value) internal pure returns (int56 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int56(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(56, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int48 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int48 or
     * greater than largest int48).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int48` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 48 bits
     */
    function toInt48(int256 value) internal pure returns (int48 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int48(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(48, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int40 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int40 or
     * greater than largest int40).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int40` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 40 bits
     */
    function toInt40(int256 value) internal pure returns (int40 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int40(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(40, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int32 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int32 or
     * greater than largest int32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toInt32(int256 value) internal pure returns (int32 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int32(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(32, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int24 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int24 or
     * greater than largest int24).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int24` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 24 bits
     */
    function toInt24(int256 value) internal pure returns (int24 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int24(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(24, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int16 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int16 or
     * greater than largest int16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toInt16(int256 value) internal pure returns (int16 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int16(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(16, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int8 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int8 or
     * greater than largest int8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits
     */
    function toInt8(int256 value) internal pure returns (int8 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int8(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(8, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an unsigned uint256 into a signed int256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be less than or equal to maxInt256.
     */
    function toInt256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Note: Unsafe cast below is okay because `type(int256).max` is guaranteed to be positive
        if (value > uint256(type(int256).max)) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(value);
        }
        return int256(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Cast a boolean (false or true) to a uint256 (0 or 1) with no jump.
     */
    function toUint(bool b) internal pure returns (uint256 u) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            u := iszero(iszero(b))
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/SignedMath.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {SafeCast} from "./SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev Standard signed math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library SignedMath {
    /**
     * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone.
     * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute
     * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive.
     */
    function ternary(bool condition, int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        unchecked {
            // branchless ternary works because:
            // b ^ (a ^ b) == a
            // b ^ 0 == b
            return b ^ ((a ^ b) * int256(SafeCast.toUint(condition)));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function max(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return ternary(a > b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two signed numbers.
     */
    function min(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return ternary(a < b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two signed numbers without overflow.
     * The result is rounded towards zero.
     */
    function average(int256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Formula from the book "Hacker's Delight"
        int256 x = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1);
        return x + (int256(uint256(x) >> 255) & (a ^ b));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the absolute unsigned value of a signed value.
     */
    function abs(int256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // Formula from the "Bit Twiddling Hacks" by Sean Eron Anderson.
            // Since `n` is a signed integer, the generated bytecode will use the SAR opcode to perform the right shift,
            // taking advantage of the most significant (or "sign" bit) in two's complement representation.
            // This opcode adds new most significant bits set to the value of the previous most significant bit. As a result,
            // the mask will either be `bytes32(0)` (if n is positive) or `~bytes32(0)` (if n is negative).
            int256 mask = n >> 255;

            // A `bytes32(0)` mask leaves the input unchanged, while a `~bytes32(0)` mask complements it.
            return uint256((n + mask) ^ mask);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Nonces.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Provides tracking nonces for addresses. Nonces will only increment.
 */
abstract contract Nonces {
    /**
     * @dev The nonce used for an `account` is not the expected current nonce.
     */
    error InvalidAccountNonce(address account, uint256 currentNonce);

    mapping(address account => uint256) private _nonces;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the next unused nonce for an address.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) public view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return _nonces[owner];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Consumes a nonce.
     *
     * Returns the current value and increments nonce.
     */
    function _useNonce(address owner) internal virtual returns (uint256) {
        // For each account, the nonce has an initial value of 0, can only be incremented by one, and cannot be
        // decremented or reset. This guarantees that the nonce never overflows.
        unchecked {
            // It is important to do x++ and not ++x here.
            return _nonces[owner]++;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {_useNonce} but checking that `nonce` is the next valid for `owner`.
     */
    function _useCheckedNonce(address owner, uint256 nonce) internal virtual {
        uint256 current = _useNonce(owner);
        if (nonce != current) {
            revert InvalidAccountNonce(owner, current);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Panic.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Helper library for emitting standardized panic codes.
 *
 * ```solidity
 * contract Example {
 *      using Panic for uint256;
 *
 *      // Use any of the declared internal constants
 *      function foo() { Panic.GENERIC.panic(); }
 *
 *      // Alternatively
 *      function foo() { Panic.panic(Panic.GENERIC); }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Follows the list from https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/blob/v0.8.24/libsolutil/ErrorCodes.h[libsolutil].
 *
 * _Available since v5.1._
 */
// slither-disable-next-line unused-state
library Panic {
    /// @dev generic / unspecified error
    uint256 internal constant GENERIC = 0x00;
    /// @dev used by the assert() builtin
    uint256 internal constant ASSERT = 0x01;
    /// @dev arithmetic underflow or overflow
    uint256 internal constant UNDER_OVERFLOW = 0x11;
    /// @dev division or modulo by zero
    uint256 internal constant DIVISION_BY_ZERO = 0x12;
    /// @dev enum conversion error
    uint256 internal constant ENUM_CONVERSION_ERROR = 0x21;
    /// @dev invalid encoding in storage
    uint256 internal constant STORAGE_ENCODING_ERROR = 0x22;
    /// @dev empty array pop
    uint256 internal constant EMPTY_ARRAY_POP = 0x31;
    /// @dev array out of bounds access
    uint256 internal constant ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 0x32;
    /// @dev resource error (too large allocation or too large array)
    uint256 internal constant RESOURCE_ERROR = 0x41;
    /// @dev calling invalid internal function
    uint256 internal constant INVALID_INTERNAL_FUNCTION = 0x51;

    /// @dev Reverts with a panic code. Recommended to use with
    /// the internal constants with predefined codes.
    function panic(uint256 code) internal pure {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            mstore(0x00, 0x4e487b71)
            mstore(0x20, code)
            revert(0x1c, 0x24)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/ShortStrings.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {StorageSlot} from "./StorageSlot.sol";

// | string  | 0xAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA   |
// | length  | 0x                                                              BB |
type ShortString is bytes32;

/**
 * @dev This library provides functions to convert short memory strings
 * into a `ShortString` type that can be used as an immutable variable.
 *
 * Strings of arbitrary length can be optimized using this library if
 * they are short enough (up to 31 bytes) by packing them with their
 * length (1 byte) in a single EVM word (32 bytes). Additionally, a
 * fallback mechanism can be used for every other case.
 *
 * Usage example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * contract Named {
 *     using ShortStrings for *;
 *
 *     ShortString private immutable _name;
 *     string private _nameFallback;
 *
 *     constructor(string memory contractName) {
 *         _name = contractName.toShortStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
 *     }
 *
 *     function name() external view returns (string memory) {
 *         return _name.toStringWithFallback(_nameFallback);
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 */
library ShortStrings {
    // Used as an identifier for strings longer than 31 bytes.
    bytes32 private constant FALLBACK_SENTINEL = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000FF;

    error StringTooLong(string str);
    error InvalidShortString();

    /**
     * @dev Encode a string of at most 31 chars into a `ShortString`.
     *
     * This will trigger a `StringTooLong` error is the input string is too long.
     */
    function toShortString(string memory str) internal pure returns (ShortString) {
        bytes memory bstr = bytes(str);
        if (bstr.length > 31) {
            revert StringTooLong(str);
        }
        return ShortString.wrap(bytes32(uint256(bytes32(bstr)) | bstr.length));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decode a `ShortString` back to a "normal" string.
     */
    function toString(ShortString sstr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        uint256 len = byteLength(sstr);
        // using `new string(len)` would work locally but is not memory safe.
        string memory str = new string(32);
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            mstore(str, len)
            mstore(add(str, 0x20), sstr)
        }
        return str;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the length of a `ShortString`.
     */
    function byteLength(ShortString sstr) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = uint256(ShortString.unwrap(sstr)) & 0xFF;
        if (result > 31) {
            revert InvalidShortString();
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Encode a string into a `ShortString`, or write it to storage if it is too long.
     */
    function toShortStringWithFallback(string memory value, string storage store) internal returns (ShortString) {
        if (bytes(value).length < 32) {
            return toShortString(value);
        } else {
            StorageSlot.getStringSlot(store).value = value;
            return ShortString.wrap(FALLBACK_SENTINEL);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decode a string that was encoded to `ShortString` or written to storage using {setWithFallback}.
     */
    function toStringWithFallback(ShortString value, string storage store) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        if (ShortString.unwrap(value) != FALLBACK_SENTINEL) {
            return toString(value);
        } else {
            return store;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the length of a string that was encoded to `ShortString` or written to storage using
     * {setWithFallback}.
     *
     * WARNING: This will return the "byte length" of the string. This may not reflect the actual length in terms of
     * actual characters as the UTF-8 encoding of a single character can span over multiple bytes.
     */
    function byteLengthWithFallback(ShortString value, string storage store) internal view returns (uint256) {
        if (ShortString.unwrap(value) != FALLBACK_SENTINEL) {
            return byteLength(value);
        } else {
            return bytes(store).length;
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/StorageSlot.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/StorageSlot.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Library for reading and writing primitive types to specific storage slots.
 *
 * Storage slots are often used to avoid storage conflict when dealing with upgradeable contracts.
 * This library helps with reading and writing to such slots without the need for inline assembly.
 *
 * The functions in this library return Slot structs that contain a `value` member that can be used to read or write.
 *
 * Example usage to set ERC-1967 implementation slot:
 * ```solidity
 * contract ERC1967 {
 *     // Define the slot. Alternatively, use the SlotDerivation library to derive the slot.
 *     bytes32 internal constant _IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
 *
 *     function _getImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
 *         return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
 *     }
 *
 *     function _setImplementation(address newImplementation) internal {
 *         require(newImplementation.code.length > 0);
 *         StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(_IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = newImplementation;
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: Consider using this library along with {SlotDerivation}.
 */
library StorageSlot {
    struct AddressSlot {
        address value;
    }

    struct BooleanSlot {
        bool value;
    }

    struct Bytes32Slot {
        bytes32 value;
    }

    struct Uint256Slot {
        uint256 value;
    }

    struct Int256Slot {
        int256 value;
    }

    struct StringSlot {
        string value;
    }

    struct BytesSlot {
        bytes value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `AddressSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (AddressSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `BooleanSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getBooleanSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BooleanSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `Bytes32Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getBytes32Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Bytes32Slot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `Uint256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getUint256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Uint256Slot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `Int256Slot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getInt256Slot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (Int256Slot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `StringSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getStringSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `StringSlot` representation of the string storage pointer `store`.
     */
    function getStringSlot(string storage store) internal pure returns (StringSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := store.slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a `BytesSlot` with member `value` located at `slot`.
     */
    function getBytesSlot(bytes32 slot) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns an `BytesSlot` representation of the bytes storage pointer `store`.
     */
    function getBytesSlot(bytes storage store) internal pure returns (BytesSlot storage r) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            r.slot := store.slot
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.2.0) (utils/Strings.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Math} from "./math/Math.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "./math/SafeCast.sol";
import {SignedMath} from "./math/SignedMath.sol";

/**
 * @dev String operations.
 */
library Strings {
    using SafeCast for *;

    bytes16 private constant HEX_DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef";
    uint8 private constant ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20;

    /**
     * @dev The `value` string doesn't fit in the specified `length`.
     */
    error StringsInsufficientHexLength(uint256 value, uint256 length);

    /**
     * @dev The string being parsed contains characters that are not in scope of the given base.
     */
    error StringsInvalidChar();

    /**
     * @dev The string being parsed is not a properly formatted address.
     */
    error StringsInvalidAddressFormat();

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = Math.log10(value) + 1;
            string memory buffer = new string(length);
            uint256 ptr;
            assembly ("memory-safe") {
                ptr := add(buffer, add(32, length))
            }
            while (true) {
                ptr--;
                assembly ("memory-safe") {
                    mstore8(ptr, byte(mod(value, 10), HEX_DIGITS))
                }
                value /= 10;
                if (value == 0) break;
            }
            return buffer;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `int256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toStringSigned(int256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return string.concat(value < 0 ? "-" : "", toString(SignedMath.abs(value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            return toHexString(value, Math.log256(value) + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        uint256 localValue = value;
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2);
        buffer[0] = "0";
        buffer[1] = "x";
        for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) {
            buffer[i] = HEX_DIGITS[localValue & 0xf];
            localValue >>= 4;
        }
        if (localValue != 0) {
            revert StringsInsufficientHexLength(value, length);
        }
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal
     * representation.
     */
    function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), ADDRESS_LENGTH);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal
     * representation, according to EIP-55.
     */
    function toChecksumHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        bytes memory buffer = bytes(toHexString(addr));

        // hash the hex part of buffer (skip length + 2 bytes, length 40)
        uint256 hashValue;
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            hashValue := shr(96, keccak256(add(buffer, 0x22), 40))
        }

        for (uint256 i = 41; i > 1; --i) {
            // possible values for buffer[i] are 48 (0) to 57 (9) and 97 (a) to 102 (f)
            if (hashValue & 0xf > 7 && uint8(buffer[i]) > 96) {
                // case shift by xoring with 0x20
                buffer[i] ^= 0x20;
            }
            hashValue >>= 4;
        }
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the two strings are equal.
     */
    function equal(string memory a, string memory b) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return bytes(a).length == bytes(b).length && keccak256(bytes(a)) == keccak256(bytes(b));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Parse a decimal string and returns the value as a `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The string must be formatted as `[0-9]*`
     * - The result must fit into an `uint256` type
     */
    function parseUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return parseUint(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseUint} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and
     * `end` (excluded).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The substring must be formatted as `[0-9]*`
     * - The result must fit into an `uint256` type
     */
    function parseUint(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        (bool success, uint256 value) = tryParseUint(input, begin, end);
        if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar();
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseUint-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        return _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseUint-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid
     * character.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseUint(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0);
        return _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Implementation of {tryParseUint} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that
     * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior.
     */
    function _tryParseUintUncheckedBounds(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) private pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        bytes memory buffer = bytes(input);

        uint256 result = 0;
        for (uint256 i = begin; i < end; ++i) {
            uint8 chr = _tryParseChr(bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i)));
            if (chr > 9) return (false, 0);
            result *= 10;
            result += chr;
        }
        return (true, result);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Parse a decimal string and returns the value as a `int256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The string must be formatted as `[-+]?[0-9]*`
     * - The result must fit in an `int256` type.
     */
    function parseInt(string memory input) internal pure returns (int256) {
        return parseInt(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and
     * `end` (excluded).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The substring must be formatted as `[-+]?[0-9]*`
     * - The result must fit in an `int256` type.
     */
    function parseInt(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (int256) {
        (bool success, int256 value) = tryParseInt(input, begin, end);
        if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar();
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character or if
     * the result does not fit in a `int256`.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the absolute value of the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseInt(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, int256 value) {
        return _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    uint256 private constant ABS_MIN_INT256 = 2 ** 255;

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseInt-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid
     * character or if the result does not fit in a `int256`.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the absolute value of the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseInt(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) internal pure returns (bool success, int256 value) {
        if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0);
        return _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Implementation of {tryParseInt} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that
     * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior.
     */
    function _tryParseIntUncheckedBounds(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) private pure returns (bool success, int256 value) {
        bytes memory buffer = bytes(input);

        // Check presence of a negative sign.
        bytes1 sign = begin == end ? bytes1(0) : bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, begin)); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty
        bool positiveSign = sign == bytes1("+");
        bool negativeSign = sign == bytes1("-");
        uint256 offset = (positiveSign || negativeSign).toUint();

        (bool absSuccess, uint256 absValue) = tryParseUint(input, begin + offset, end);

        if (absSuccess && absValue < ABS_MIN_INT256) {
            return (true, negativeSign ? -int256(absValue) : int256(absValue));
        } else if (absSuccess && negativeSign && absValue == ABS_MIN_INT256) {
            return (true, type(int256).min);
        } else return (false, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Parse a hexadecimal string (with or without "0x" prefix), and returns the value as a `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The string must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]*`
     * - The result must fit in an `uint256` type.
     */
    function parseHexUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return parseHexUint(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and
     * `end` (excluded).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The substring must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]*`
     * - The result must fit in an `uint256` type.
     */
    function parseHexUint(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        (bool success, uint256 value) = tryParseHexUint(input, begin, end);
        if (!success) revert StringsInvalidChar();
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an invalid character.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseHexUint(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        return _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseHexUint-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because of an
     * invalid character.
     *
     * NOTE: This function will revert if the result does not fit in a `uint256`.
     */
    function tryParseHexUint(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, 0);
        return _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Implementation of {tryParseHexUint} that does not check bounds. Caller should make sure that
     * `begin <= end <= input.length`. Other inputs would result in undefined behavior.
     */
    function _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) private pure returns (bool success, uint256 value) {
        bytes memory buffer = bytes(input);

        // skip 0x prefix if present
        bool hasPrefix = (end > begin + 1) && bytes2(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, begin)) == bytes2("0x"); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty
        uint256 offset = hasPrefix.toUint() * 2;

        uint256 result = 0;
        for (uint256 i = begin + offset; i < end; ++i) {
            uint8 chr = _tryParseChr(bytes1(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(buffer, i)));
            if (chr > 15) return (false, 0);
            result *= 16;
            unchecked {
                // Multiplying by 16 is equivalent to a shift of 4 bits (with additional overflow check).
                // This guaratees that adding a value < 16 will not cause an overflow, hence the unchecked.
                result += chr;
            }
        }
        return (true, result);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Parse a hexadecimal string (with or without "0x" prefix), and returns the value as an `address`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The string must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]{40}`
     */
    function parseAddress(string memory input) internal pure returns (address) {
        return parseAddress(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseAddress} that parses a substring of `input` located between position `begin` (included) and
     * `end` (excluded).
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - The substring must be formatted as `(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]{40}`
     */
    function parseAddress(string memory input, uint256 begin, uint256 end) internal pure returns (address) {
        (bool success, address value) = tryParseAddress(input, begin, end);
        if (!success) revert StringsInvalidAddressFormat();
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseAddress-string} that returns false if the parsing fails because the input is not a properly
     * formatted address. See {parseAddress} requirements.
     */
    function tryParseAddress(string memory input) internal pure returns (bool success, address value) {
        return tryParseAddress(input, 0, bytes(input).length);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {parseAddress-string-uint256-uint256} that returns false if the parsing fails because input is not a properly
     * formatted address. See {parseAddress} requirements.
     */
    function tryParseAddress(
        string memory input,
        uint256 begin,
        uint256 end
    ) internal pure returns (bool success, address value) {
        if (end > bytes(input).length || begin > end) return (false, address(0));

        bool hasPrefix = (end > begin + 1) && bytes2(_unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes(input), begin)) == bytes2("0x"); // don't do out-of-bound (possibly unsafe) read if sub-string is empty
        uint256 expectedLength = 40 + hasPrefix.toUint() * 2;

        // check that input is the correct length
        if (end - begin == expectedLength) {
            // length guarantees that this does not overflow, and value is at most type(uint160).max
            (bool s, uint256 v) = _tryParseHexUintUncheckedBounds(input, begin, end);
            return (s, address(uint160(v)));
        } else {
            return (false, address(0));
        }
    }

    function _tryParseChr(bytes1 chr) private pure returns (uint8) {
        uint8 value = uint8(chr);

        // Try to parse `chr`:
        // - Case 1: [0-9]
        // - Case 2: [a-f]
        // - Case 3: [A-F]
        // - otherwise not supported
        unchecked {
            if (value > 47 && value < 58) value -= 48;
            else if (value > 96 && value < 103) value -= 87;
            else if (value > 64 && value < 71) value -= 55;
            else return type(uint8).max;
        }

        return value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reads a bytes32 from a bytes array without bounds checking.
     *
     * NOTE: making this function internal would mean it could be used with memory unsafe offset, and marking the
     * assembly block as such would prevent some optimizations.
     */
    function _unsafeReadBytesOffset(bytes memory buffer, uint256 offset) private pure returns (bytes32 value) {
        // This is not memory safe in the general case, but all calls to this private function are within bounds.
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            value := mload(add(buffer, add(0x20, offset)))
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/structs/Checkpoints.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/Checkpoints.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Math} from "../math/Math.sol";

/**
 * @dev This library defines the `Trace*` struct, for checkpointing values as they change at different points in
 * time, and later looking up past values by block number. See {Votes} as an example.
 *
 * To create a history of checkpoints define a variable type `Checkpoints.Trace*` in your contract, and store a new
 * checkpoint for the current transaction block using the {push} function.
 */
library Checkpoints {
    /**
     * @dev A value was attempted to be inserted on a past checkpoint.
     */
    error CheckpointUnorderedInsertion();

    struct Trace224 {
        Checkpoint224[] _checkpoints;
    }

    struct Checkpoint224 {
        uint32 _key;
        uint224 _value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Pushes a (`key`, `value`) pair into a Trace224 so that it is stored as the checkpoint.
     *
     * Returns previous value and new value.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Never accept `key` as a user input, since an arbitrary `type(uint32).max` key set will disable the
     * library.
     */
    function push(
        Trace224 storage self,
        uint32 key,
        uint224 value
    ) internal returns (uint224 oldValue, uint224 newValue) {
        return _insert(self._checkpoints, key, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the first (oldest) checkpoint with key greater or equal than the search key, or zero if
     * there is none.
     */
    function lowerLookup(Trace224 storage self, uint32 key) internal view returns (uint224) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;
        uint256 pos = _lowerBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, 0, len);
        return pos == len ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the last (most recent) checkpoint with key lower or equal than the search key, or zero
     * if there is none.
     */
    function upperLookup(Trace224 storage self, uint32 key) internal view returns (uint224) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;
        uint256 pos = _upperBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, 0, len);
        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the last (most recent) checkpoint with key lower or equal than the search key, or zero
     * if there is none.
     *
     * NOTE: This is a variant of {upperLookup} that is optimised to find "recent" checkpoint (checkpoints with high
     * keys).
     */
    function upperLookupRecent(Trace224 storage self, uint32 key) internal view returns (uint224) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;

        uint256 low = 0;
        uint256 high = len;

        if (len > 5) {
            uint256 mid = len - Math.sqrt(len);
            if (key < _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, mid)._key) {
                high = mid;
            } else {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
        }

        uint256 pos = _upperBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, low, high);

        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the most recent checkpoint, or zero if there are no checkpoints.
     */
    function latest(Trace224 storage self) internal view returns (uint224) {
        uint256 pos = self._checkpoints.length;
        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether there is a checkpoint in the structure (i.e. it is not empty), and if so the key and value
     * in the most recent checkpoint.
     */
    function latestCheckpoint(Trace224 storage self) internal view returns (bool exists, uint32 _key, uint224 _value) {
        uint256 pos = self._checkpoints.length;
        if (pos == 0) {
            return (false, 0, 0);
        } else {
            Checkpoint224 storage ckpt = _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1);
            return (true, ckpt._key, ckpt._value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of checkpoint.
     */
    function length(Trace224 storage self) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return self._checkpoints.length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns checkpoint at given position.
     */
    function at(Trace224 storage self, uint32 pos) internal view returns (Checkpoint224 memory) {
        return self._checkpoints[pos];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Pushes a (`key`, `value`) pair into an ordered list of checkpoints, either by inserting a new checkpoint,
     * or by updating the last one.
     */
    function _insert(
        Checkpoint224[] storage self,
        uint32 key,
        uint224 value
    ) private returns (uint224 oldValue, uint224 newValue) {
        uint256 pos = self.length;

        if (pos > 0) {
            Checkpoint224 storage last = _unsafeAccess(self, pos - 1);
            uint32 lastKey = last._key;
            uint224 lastValue = last._value;

            // Checkpoint keys must be non-decreasing.
            if (lastKey > key) {
                revert CheckpointUnorderedInsertion();
            }

            // Update or push new checkpoint
            if (lastKey == key) {
                last._value = value;
            } else {
                self.push(Checkpoint224({_key: key, _value: value}));
            }
            return (lastValue, value);
        } else {
            self.push(Checkpoint224({_key: key, _value: value}));
            return (0, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the index of the first (oldest) checkpoint with key strictly bigger than the search key, or `high`
     * if there is none. `low` and `high` define a section where to do the search, with inclusive `low` and exclusive
     * `high`.
     *
     * WARNING: `high` should not be greater than the array's length.
     */
    function _upperBinaryLookup(
        Checkpoint224[] storage self,
        uint32 key,
        uint256 low,
        uint256 high
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        while (low < high) {
            uint256 mid = Math.average(low, high);
            if (_unsafeAccess(self, mid)._key > key) {
                high = mid;
            } else {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
        }
        return high;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the index of the first (oldest) checkpoint with key greater or equal than the search key, or `high`
     * if there is none. `low` and `high` define a section where to do the search, with inclusive `low` and exclusive
     * `high`.
     *
     * WARNING: `high` should not be greater than the array's length.
     */
    function _lowerBinaryLookup(
        Checkpoint224[] storage self,
        uint32 key,
        uint256 low,
        uint256 high
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        while (low < high) {
            uint256 mid = Math.average(low, high);
            if (_unsafeAccess(self, mid)._key < key) {
                low = mid + 1;
            } else {
                high = mid;
            }
        }
        return high;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Access an element of the array without performing bounds check. The position is assumed to be within bounds.
     */
    function _unsafeAccess(
        Checkpoint224[] storage self,
        uint256 pos
    ) private pure returns (Checkpoint224 storage result) {
        assembly {
            mstore(0, self.slot)
            result.slot := add(keccak256(0, 0x20), pos)
        }
    }

    struct Trace208 {
        Checkpoint208[] _checkpoints;
    }

    struct Checkpoint208 {
        uint48 _key;
        uint208 _value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Pushes a (`key`, `value`) pair into a Trace208 so that it is stored as the checkpoint.
     *
     * Returns previous value and new value.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Never accept `key` as a user input, since an arbitrary `type(uint48).max` key set will disable the
     * library.
     */
    function push(
        Trace208 storage self,
        uint48 key,
        uint208 value
    ) internal returns (uint208 oldValue, uint208 newValue) {
        return _insert(self._checkpoints, key, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the first (oldest) checkpoint with key greater or equal than the search key, or zero if
     * there is none.
     */
    function lowerLookup(Trace208 storage self, uint48 key) internal view returns (uint208) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;
        uint256 pos = _lowerBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, 0, len);
        return pos == len ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the last (most recent) checkpoint with key lower or equal than the search key, or zero
     * if there is none.
     */
    function upperLookup(Trace208 storage self, uint48 key) internal view returns (uint208) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;
        uint256 pos = _upperBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, 0, len);
        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the last (most recent) checkpoint with key lower or equal than the search key, or zero
     * if there is none.
     *
     * NOTE: This is a variant of {upperLookup} that is optimised to find "recent" checkpoint (checkpoints with high
     * keys).
     */
    function upperLookupRecent(Trace208 storage self, uint48 key) internal view returns (uint208) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;

        uint256 low = 0;
        uint256 high = len;

        if (len > 5) {
            uint256 mid = len - Math.sqrt(len);
            if (key < _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, mid)._key) {
                high = mid;
            } else {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
        }

        uint256 pos = _upperBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, low, high);

        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the most recent checkpoint, or zero if there are no checkpoints.
     */
    function latest(Trace208 storage self) internal view returns (uint208) {
        uint256 pos = self._checkpoints.length;
        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether there is a checkpoint in the structure (i.e. it is not empty), and if so the key and value
     * in the most recent checkpoint.
     */
    function latestCheckpoint(Trace208 storage self) internal view returns (bool exists, uint48 _key, uint208 _value) {
        uint256 pos = self._checkpoints.length;
        if (pos == 0) {
            return (false, 0, 0);
        } else {
            Checkpoint208 storage ckpt = _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1);
            return (true, ckpt._key, ckpt._value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of checkpoint.
     */
    function length(Trace208 storage self) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return self._checkpoints.length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns checkpoint at given position.
     */
    function at(Trace208 storage self, uint32 pos) internal view returns (Checkpoint208 memory) {
        return self._checkpoints[pos];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Pushes a (`key`, `value`) pair into an ordered list of checkpoints, either by inserting a new checkpoint,
     * or by updating the last one.
     */
    function _insert(
        Checkpoint208[] storage self,
        uint48 key,
        uint208 value
    ) private returns (uint208 oldValue, uint208 newValue) {
        uint256 pos = self.length;

        if (pos > 0) {
            Checkpoint208 storage last = _unsafeAccess(self, pos - 1);
            uint48 lastKey = last._key;
            uint208 lastValue = last._value;

            // Checkpoint keys must be non-decreasing.
            if (lastKey > key) {
                revert CheckpointUnorderedInsertion();
            }

            // Update or push new checkpoint
            if (lastKey == key) {
                last._value = value;
            } else {
                self.push(Checkpoint208({_key: key, _value: value}));
            }
            return (lastValue, value);
        } else {
            self.push(Checkpoint208({_key: key, _value: value}));
            return (0, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the index of the first (oldest) checkpoint with key strictly bigger than the search key, or `high`
     * if there is none. `low` and `high` define a section where to do the search, with inclusive `low` and exclusive
     * `high`.
     *
     * WARNING: `high` should not be greater than the array's length.
     */
    function _upperBinaryLookup(
        Checkpoint208[] storage self,
        uint48 key,
        uint256 low,
        uint256 high
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        while (low < high) {
            uint256 mid = Math.average(low, high);
            if (_unsafeAccess(self, mid)._key > key) {
                high = mid;
            } else {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
        }
        return high;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the index of the first (oldest) checkpoint with key greater or equal than the search key, or `high`
     * if there is none. `low` and `high` define a section where to do the search, with inclusive `low` and exclusive
     * `high`.
     *
     * WARNING: `high` should not be greater than the array's length.
     */
    function _lowerBinaryLookup(
        Checkpoint208[] storage self,
        uint48 key,
        uint256 low,
        uint256 high
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        while (low < high) {
            uint256 mid = Math.average(low, high);
            if (_unsafeAccess(self, mid)._key < key) {
                low = mid + 1;
            } else {
                high = mid;
            }
        }
        return high;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Access an element of the array without performing bounds check. The position is assumed to be within bounds.
     */
    function _unsafeAccess(
        Checkpoint208[] storage self,
        uint256 pos
    ) private pure returns (Checkpoint208 storage result) {
        assembly {
            mstore(0, self.slot)
            result.slot := add(keccak256(0, 0x20), pos)
        }
    }

    struct Trace160 {
        Checkpoint160[] _checkpoints;
    }

    struct Checkpoint160 {
        uint96 _key;
        uint160 _value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Pushes a (`key`, `value`) pair into a Trace160 so that it is stored as the checkpoint.
     *
     * Returns previous value and new value.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Never accept `key` as a user input, since an arbitrary `type(uint96).max` key set will disable the
     * library.
     */
    function push(
        Trace160 storage self,
        uint96 key,
        uint160 value
    ) internal returns (uint160 oldValue, uint160 newValue) {
        return _insert(self._checkpoints, key, value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the first (oldest) checkpoint with key greater or equal than the search key, or zero if
     * there is none.
     */
    function lowerLookup(Trace160 storage self, uint96 key) internal view returns (uint160) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;
        uint256 pos = _lowerBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, 0, len);
        return pos == len ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the last (most recent) checkpoint with key lower or equal than the search key, or zero
     * if there is none.
     */
    function upperLookup(Trace160 storage self, uint96 key) internal view returns (uint160) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;
        uint256 pos = _upperBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, 0, len);
        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the last (most recent) checkpoint with key lower or equal than the search key, or zero
     * if there is none.
     *
     * NOTE: This is a variant of {upperLookup} that is optimised to find "recent" checkpoint (checkpoints with high
     * keys).
     */
    function upperLookupRecent(Trace160 storage self, uint96 key) internal view returns (uint160) {
        uint256 len = self._checkpoints.length;

        uint256 low = 0;
        uint256 high = len;

        if (len > 5) {
            uint256 mid = len - Math.sqrt(len);
            if (key < _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, mid)._key) {
                high = mid;
            } else {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
        }

        uint256 pos = _upperBinaryLookup(self._checkpoints, key, low, high);

        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value in the most recent checkpoint, or zero if there are no checkpoints.
     */
    function latest(Trace160 storage self) internal view returns (uint160) {
        uint256 pos = self._checkpoints.length;
        return pos == 0 ? 0 : _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1)._value;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether there is a checkpoint in the structure (i.e. it is not empty), and if so the key and value
     * in the most recent checkpoint.
     */
    function latestCheckpoint(Trace160 storage self) internal view returns (bool exists, uint96 _key, uint160 _value) {
        uint256 pos = self._checkpoints.length;
        if (pos == 0) {
            return (false, 0, 0);
        } else {
            Checkpoint160 storage ckpt = _unsafeAccess(self._checkpoints, pos - 1);
            return (true, ckpt._key, ckpt._value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of checkpoint.
     */
    function length(Trace160 storage self) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return self._checkpoints.length;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns checkpoint at given position.
     */
    function at(Trace160 storage self, uint32 pos) internal view returns (Checkpoint160 memory) {
        return self._checkpoints[pos];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Pushes a (`key`, `value`) pair into an ordered list of checkpoints, either by inserting a new checkpoint,
     * or by updating the last one.
     */
    function _insert(
        Checkpoint160[] storage self,
        uint96 key,
        uint160 value
    ) private returns (uint160 oldValue, uint160 newValue) {
        uint256 pos = self.length;

        if (pos > 0) {
            Checkpoint160 storage last = _unsafeAccess(self, pos - 1);
            uint96 lastKey = last._key;
            uint160 lastValue = last._value;

            // Checkpoint keys must be non-decreasing.
            if (lastKey > key) {
                revert CheckpointUnorderedInsertion();
            }

            // Update or push new checkpoint
            if (lastKey == key) {
                last._value = value;
            } else {
                self.push(Checkpoint160({_key: key, _value: value}));
            }
            return (lastValue, value);
        } else {
            self.push(Checkpoint160({_key: key, _value: value}));
            return (0, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the index of the first (oldest) checkpoint with key strictly bigger than the search key, or `high`
     * if there is none. `low` and `high` define a section where to do the search, with inclusive `low` and exclusive
     * `high`.
     *
     * WARNING: `high` should not be greater than the array's length.
     */
    function _upperBinaryLookup(
        Checkpoint160[] storage self,
        uint96 key,
        uint256 low,
        uint256 high
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        while (low < high) {
            uint256 mid = Math.average(low, high);
            if (_unsafeAccess(self, mid)._key > key) {
                high = mid;
            } else {
                low = mid + 1;
            }
        }
        return high;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the index of the first (oldest) checkpoint with key greater or equal than the search key, or `high`
     * if there is none. `low` and `high` define a section where to do the search, with inclusive `low` and exclusive
     * `high`.
     *
     * WARNING: `high` should not be greater than the array's length.
     */
    function _lowerBinaryLookup(
        Checkpoint160[] storage self,
        uint96 key,
        uint256 low,
        uint256 high
    ) private view returns (uint256) {
        while (low < high) {
            uint256 mid = Math.average(low, high);
            if (_unsafeAccess(self, mid)._key < key) {
                low = mid + 1;
            } else {
                high = mid;
            }
        }
        return high;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Access an element of the array without performing bounds check. The position is assumed to be within bounds.
     */
    function _unsafeAccess(
        Checkpoint160[] storage self,
        uint256 pos
    ) private pure returns (Checkpoint160 storage result) {
        assembly {
            mstore(0, self.slot)
            result.slot := add(keccak256(0, 0x20), pos)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/structs/DoubleEndedQueue.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Panic} from "../Panic.sol";

/**
 * @dev A sequence of items with the ability to efficiently push and pop items (i.e. insert and remove) on both ends of
 * the sequence (called front and back). Among other access patterns, it can be used to implement efficient LIFO and
 * FIFO queues. Storage use is optimized, and all operations are O(1) constant time. This includes {clear}, given that
 * the existing queue contents are left in storage.
 *
 * The struct is called `Bytes32Deque`. Other types can be cast to and from `bytes32`. This data structure can only be
 * used in storage, and not in memory.
 * ```solidity
 * DoubleEndedQueue.Bytes32Deque queue;
 * ```
 */
library DoubleEndedQueue {
    /**
     * @dev Indices are 128 bits so begin and end are packed in a single storage slot for efficient access.
     *
     * Struct members have an underscore prefix indicating that they are "private" and should not be read or written to
     * directly. Use the functions provided below instead. Modifying the struct manually may violate assumptions and
     * lead to unexpected behavior.
     *
     * The first item is at data[begin] and the last item is at data[end - 1]. This range can wrap around.
     */
    struct Bytes32Deque {
        uint128 _begin;
        uint128 _end;
        mapping(uint128 index => bytes32) _data;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Inserts an item at the end of the queue.
     *
     * Reverts with {Panic-RESOURCE_ERROR} if the queue is full.
     */
    function pushBack(Bytes32Deque storage deque, bytes32 value) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint128 backIndex = deque._end;
            if (backIndex + 1 == deque._begin) Panic.panic(Panic.RESOURCE_ERROR);
            deque._data[backIndex] = value;
            deque._end = backIndex + 1;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes the item at the end of the queue and returns it.
     *
     * Reverts with {Panic-EMPTY_ARRAY_POP} if the queue is empty.
     */
    function popBack(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal returns (bytes32 value) {
        unchecked {
            uint128 backIndex = deque._end;
            if (backIndex == deque._begin) Panic.panic(Panic.EMPTY_ARRAY_POP);
            --backIndex;
            value = deque._data[backIndex];
            delete deque._data[backIndex];
            deque._end = backIndex;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Inserts an item at the beginning of the queue.
     *
     * Reverts with {Panic-RESOURCE_ERROR} if the queue is full.
     */
    function pushFront(Bytes32Deque storage deque, bytes32 value) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint128 frontIndex = deque._begin - 1;
            if (frontIndex == deque._end) Panic.panic(Panic.RESOURCE_ERROR);
            deque._data[frontIndex] = value;
            deque._begin = frontIndex;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes the item at the beginning of the queue and returns it.
     *
     * Reverts with {Panic-EMPTY_ARRAY_POP} if the queue is empty.
     */
    function popFront(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal returns (bytes32 value) {
        unchecked {
            uint128 frontIndex = deque._begin;
            if (frontIndex == deque._end) Panic.panic(Panic.EMPTY_ARRAY_POP);
            value = deque._data[frontIndex];
            delete deque._data[frontIndex];
            deque._begin = frontIndex + 1;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the item at the beginning of the queue.
     *
     * Reverts with {Panic-ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS} if the queue is empty.
     */
    function front(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal view returns (bytes32 value) {
        if (empty(deque)) Panic.panic(Panic.ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS);
        return deque._data[deque._begin];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the item at the end of the queue.
     *
     * Reverts with {Panic-ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS} if the queue is empty.
     */
    function back(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal view returns (bytes32 value) {
        if (empty(deque)) Panic.panic(Panic.ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS);
        unchecked {
            return deque._data[deque._end - 1];
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the item at a position in the queue given by `index`, with the first item at 0 and last item at
     * `length(deque) - 1`.
     *
     * Reverts with {Panic-ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS} if the index is out of bounds.
     */
    function at(Bytes32Deque storage deque, uint256 index) internal view returns (bytes32 value) {
        if (index >= length(deque)) Panic.panic(Panic.ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS);
        // By construction, length is a uint128, so the check above ensures that index can be safely downcast to uint128
        unchecked {
            return deque._data[deque._begin + uint128(index)];
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Resets the queue back to being empty.
     *
     * NOTE: The current items are left behind in storage. This does not affect the functioning of the queue, but misses
     * out on potential gas refunds.
     */
    function clear(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal {
        deque._begin = 0;
        deque._end = 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of items in the queue.
     */
    function length(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal view returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            return uint256(deque._end - deque._begin);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the queue is empty.
     */
    function empty(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal view returns (bool) {
        return deque._end == deque._begin;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/types/Time.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Math} from "../math/Math.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "../math/SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev This library provides helpers for manipulating time-related objects.
 *
 * It uses the following types:
 * - `uint48` for timepoints
 * - `uint32` for durations
 *
 * While the library doesn't provide specific types for timepoints and duration, it does provide:
 * - a `Delay` type to represent duration that can be programmed to change value automatically at a given point
 * - additional helper functions
 */
library Time {
    using Time for *;

    /**
     * @dev Get the block timestamp as a Timepoint.
     */
    function timestamp() internal view returns (uint48) {
        return SafeCast.toUint48(block.timestamp);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Get the block number as a Timepoint.
     */
    function blockNumber() internal view returns (uint48) {
        return SafeCast.toUint48(block.number);
    }

    // ==================================================== Delay =====================================================
    /**
     * @dev A `Delay` is a uint32 duration that can be programmed to change value automatically at a given point in the
     * future. The "effect" timepoint describes when the transitions happens from the "old" value to the "new" value.
     * This allows updating the delay applied to some operation while keeping some guarantees.
     *
     * In particular, the {update} function guarantees that if the delay is reduced, the old delay still applies for
     * some time. For example if the delay is currently 7 days to do an upgrade, the admin should not be able to set
     * the delay to 0 and upgrade immediately. If the admin wants to reduce the delay, the old delay (7 days) should
     * still apply for some time.
     *
     *
     * The `Delay` type is 112 bits long, and packs the following:
     *
     * ```
     *   | [uint48]: effect date (timepoint)
     *   |           | [uint32]: value before (duration)
     *   ↓           ↓       ↓ [uint32]: value after (duration)
     * 0xAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBCCCCCCCC
     * ```
     *
     * NOTE: The {get} and {withUpdate} functions operate using timestamps. Block number based delays are not currently
     * supported.
     */
    type Delay is uint112;

    /**
     * @dev Wrap a duration into a Delay to add the one-step "update in the future" feature
     */
    function toDelay(uint32 duration) internal pure returns (Delay) {
        return Delay.wrap(duration);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Get the value at a given timepoint plus the pending value and effect timepoint if there is a scheduled
     * change after this timepoint. If the effect timepoint is 0, then the pending value should not be considered.
     */
    function _getFullAt(
        Delay self,
        uint48 timepoint
    ) private pure returns (uint32 valueBefore, uint32 valueAfter, uint48 effect) {
        (valueBefore, valueAfter, effect) = self.unpack();
        return effect <= timepoint ? (valueAfter, 0, 0) : (valueBefore, valueAfter, effect);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Get the current value plus the pending value and effect timepoint if there is a scheduled change. If the
     * effect timepoint is 0, then the pending value should not be considered.
     */
    function getFull(Delay self) internal view returns (uint32 valueBefore, uint32 valueAfter, uint48 effect) {
        return _getFullAt(self, timestamp());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Get the current value.
     */
    function get(Delay self) internal view returns (uint32) {
        (uint32 delay, , ) = self.getFull();
        return delay;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Update a Delay object so that it takes a new duration after a timepoint that is automatically computed to
     * enforce the old delay at the moment of the update. Returns the updated Delay object and the timestamp when the
     * new delay becomes effective.
     */
    function withUpdate(
        Delay self,
        uint32 newValue,
        uint32 minSetback
    ) internal view returns (Delay updatedDelay, uint48 effect) {
        uint32 value = self.get();
        uint32 setback = uint32(Math.max(minSetback, value > newValue ? value - newValue : 0));
        effect = timestamp() + setback;
        return (pack(value, newValue, effect), effect);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Split a delay into its components: valueBefore, valueAfter and effect (transition timepoint).
     */
    function unpack(Delay self) internal pure returns (uint32 valueBefore, uint32 valueAfter, uint48 effect) {
        uint112 raw = Delay.unwrap(self);

        valueAfter = uint32(raw);
        valueBefore = uint32(raw >> 32);
        effect = uint48(raw >> 64);

        return (valueBefore, valueAfter, effect);
    }

    /**
     * @dev pack the components into a Delay object.
     */
    function pack(uint32 valueBefore, uint32 valueAfter, uint48 effect) internal pure returns (Delay) {
        return Delay.wrap((uint112(effect) << 64) | (uint112(valueBefore) << 32) | uint112(valueAfter));
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// Compatible with OpenZeppelin Contracts ^5.0.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.22;

import {Governor} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/Governor.sol";
import {GovernorCountingSimple} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorCountingSimple.sol";
import {GovernorSettings} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorSettings.sol";
import {GovernorTimelockControl} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorTimelockControl.sol";
import {GovernorVotes} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorVotes.sol";
import {GovernorVotesQuorumFraction} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorVotesQuorumFraction.sol";
import {IVotes} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/utils/IVotes.sol";
import {TimelockController} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/governance/TimelockController.sol";

contract EcoNovaGovernor is
    Governor,
    GovernorSettings,
    GovernorCountingSimple,
    GovernorVotes,
    GovernorVotesQuorumFraction,
    GovernorTimelockControl
{
    constructor(
        IVotes _token,
        TimelockController _timelock,
        uint256 _quorumPercentage,
        uint32 _votingPeriod,
        uint48 _votingDelay
    )
        Governor("EcoNovaGovernor")
        GovernorSettings(_votingDelay, _votingPeriod, 0)
        GovernorVotes(_token)
        GovernorVotesQuorumFraction(_quorumPercentage)
        GovernorTimelockControl(_timelock)
    {}

    // The following functions are overrides required by Solidity.

    function votingDelay() public view override(Governor, GovernorSettings) returns (uint256) {
        return super.votingDelay();
    }

    function votingPeriod() public view override(Governor, GovernorSettings) returns (uint256) {
        return super.votingPeriod();
    }

    function quorum(
        uint256 blockNumber
    ) public view override(Governor, GovernorVotesQuorumFraction) returns (uint256) {
        return super.quorum(blockNumber);
    }

    function state(
        uint256 proposalId
    ) public view override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl) returns (ProposalState) {
        return super.state(proposalId);
    }

    function proposalNeedsQueuing(
        uint256 proposalId
    ) public view override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl) returns (bool) {
        return super.proposalNeedsQueuing(proposalId);
    }

    function proposalThreshold()
        public
        view
        override(Governor, GovernorSettings)
        returns (uint256)
    {
        return super.proposalThreshold();
    }

    function _queueOperations(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) internal override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl) returns (uint48) {
        return super._queueOperations(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
    }

    function _executeOperations(
        uint256 proposalId,
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) internal override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl) {
        super._executeOperations(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
    }

    function _cancel(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) internal override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl) returns (uint256) {
        return super._cancel(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
    }

    function _executor()
        internal
        view
        override(Governor, GovernorTimelockControl)
        returns (address)
    {
        return super._executor();
    }
}

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